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| 1.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the visceral fat area at the umbilica
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l level (VFA(L4-5)) in Japanese adults, using internal fat mass (IFM) estimated from a few anthropometric variables. METHODS: Subjects were 112 adults aged from 25 to 82 years (body mass index (BMI)=24.2+/-3.1 kg/m(2), ranged from 15.7 to 31.2 kg/m(2)). Another 60 adults aged from 21 to 71 years were recruited for the crossvalidation group (BMI=24.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2), ranged from 17.1 to 34.6 kg/m(2)). We examined (1) the prediction of IFM based on a small number of skinfold thicknesses; (2) the prediction of VFA(L4-5) using IFM and (3) the application of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement. VFA(L4-5) was measured by computed tomography (reference value). Total fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and single-frequency BIA with 8-point tactile electrodes. RESULTS: Three skinfolds at the abdomen, side chest and suprailiac were selected to estimate IFM. From IFM estimated using these three skinfolds, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sex and age, about 75% of the variance of VFA(L4-5) could be explained (Eq(VFA)1: R=863, R(2)=0.745, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=20.483 cm(2)). When substituting IFM based on BIA measurement (IFM(BIA)) into Eq(VFA)1, there were no significant mean differences from the reference in both equations, and high correlations were found (r=0.860, s.e.e.=20.902 cm(2)), although a significant mean difference in total fat mass was found between DXA and BIA measurements. The prediction equation using IFM(BIA) (Eq(VFA)2) could have prediction accuracy comparable with that of Eq(VFA)1 (Eq(VFA)2: R=879, R(2)=0.773, s.e.e.=20.324 cm(2)). Furthermore, when applying these equations to the crossvalidation group, there were cross-validity in both equations. CONCLUSION: This study proposed a prediction equation for VFA(L4-5) from WHR and IFM based on three skinfolds, and the validity of BIA measurement in Japanese adults. We can propose the procedure for a field setting.
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| 2.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to clarify the sex-, age-, and obesity-level-specific regional subcutaneous fat characteristics and the
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ir relationships with total and visceral fat in 302 Japanese adults (mean age: 41.8±15.7 yr; range: 20.0 to 82.6 yr). Subcutaneous fat thickness at 14 sites (right cheek, chin, chest (2 sites), abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, subscapular, back (2 sites), thigh (2 sites), knee, and calf), percent body fat (%BF) and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured by B-mode ultrasound, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. The results of 3-way ANOVA (2 sex groups, 5 age groups, 2 obesity-level groups) for each subcutaneous fat thickness at 14 sites indicated that the characteristics of sex-specific differences differed by age groups and obesity levels, and these differences are more apparent in the obese group and the 30- to 50-year-old groups. Subcutaneous fat accumulation progressed toward the central body with increased age and obesity. The relationships between subcutaneous fat, total fat, and visceral fat differed with sex and obesity level. The significant relationship between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and VFA was found in the nonobese (BMI<25 kg/m2) and nonviscerally obese (VFA<100 cm2) groups (male: r=.474; female: r=.417), but not in the nonobese and viscerally obese males (r=−.068) and in the obese and viscerally obese subjects (males: r=.291; females: r=−.327). There may be a close relationship between subcutaneous fat accumulation capacity and visceral fat accumulation.
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| 3.
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Nakada, Masakatsu ; Demura, Shinichi
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金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study is examined the effect of past and present lifestyle habits and nutrition on the osteos
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ono assessment index (OSI) in pre- and post-menopausal females. The subjects were 200 premenopausal females (38.8±10.3years) and 156 postmenopausal females (59.2±5.9 years). BMD (Body mineral density) was estimated by right-calcaneal OSI using an ultrasonic transmission method with an AOS-100 device (ALOKA). The number of postmenopausal females in the close examination and guidance required groups (80 cases: 51.3%) (OSI < 2.428) was significantly higher than that of premenopausal females (44 cases: 22.0%) (X2=33.105: P<0.000). In premenopausal females, the proportion of subjects that had not taken vitamin D in the past (in junior high school and high school) was significantly higher in the close examination-guidance required group (OSI < 2.428) than in the normal group (OSI ≥ 2.428). However, in postmenopausal females, there was no significant difference in past and present lifestyle habits and nutrition between the close examination-guidance required group and the normal group. In premenopausal females, it was determined that the intake of vitamin D during puberty increased the absorption of calcium significantly. © 2010 SciRes.
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| 4.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between various force-time parameters
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and muscle oxygenation kinetics during maximal sustained isometric grip (SIG) and maximal repeated rhythmic grips (RRG) with different grip intervals (interval times: 5, 4, 3, and 2 s). Subjects were 10 healthy young males, aged 20-26 years (height 173.9±7.3 cm, body mass 71.5±11.2 kg). After measuring maximal grip force, each subject performed the SIG and RRG tests with a target frequency of 12, 15, 20, and 30 grips・min^<-1> (interval times: 5, 4, 3, and 2 s, respectively) for 6 min. The decreasing time until 80% MVC showed significant and high correlations with final force values in RRGs with over 3 s intervals (r=0.866-0.941), but not in the SIG and RRG with a 2 s interval. The time at the lowest Oxy-Hb/Mb value showed a significant and high correlation with the time at the highest Deoxy-Hb/Mb value only in the SIG and RRG with a 2 s interval (r=0.825-0.916). Oxy-Hb/Mb decreases markedly and deoxy-Hb/Mb increases after the onset of SIG due to the obstruction of blood flow caused by the increase in intramuscular pressure. A similar physiological response to that of SIG occurs also in RRG with a 2 s interval, but RRGs with intervals over 3 s achieve more resumption of blood flow in the muscular relaxation phase. Hence, in spite of the same RRGs, it was determined that RRGs with intervals over 3 s differ significantly in a changing pattern of grip force and muscle oxygen kinetics from RRGs with a 2 s interval.
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| 5.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Yamada, Takayoshi
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金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />The purpose of this study was to compare oxygenation kinetics measured by slightly di
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fferent placements of a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) probe during sustained isometric gripping. Oxygenation kinetics of sixteen young adult males was measured with two NIRS probes attached to the flexor carpiradialis muscle during gripping for 3 min. One probe (channel 1) was attached at one-third the length of a line from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the styloid process of radius. Another probe (channel 2) was attached at the palmaris longus. Although the cross-correlation coefficients for the two probe placements regarding oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb/Mb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb/Mb) and tissue oxygenation saturation (StO2) were low (rxy, 0.119-0.405), Pearson's correlation coefficients for the times to reach almost steady state for these parameters were very high (oxy-Hb/Mb, r=0.878; deoxy-Hb/Mb, r=0.769; StO2, r=0.843; p<0.05). The difference of oxygenation kinetics between the probe placements may reflect the difference of fiber recruitment characteristics in the flexion muscle group. In conclusion, to obtain a stable measurement, it is important that the NIRS probe is placed at the same anatomical point. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 6.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Seiza is one of the most commonly used sitting postures in various enrichment lessons of Japanese
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origin. It is reported that Seiza with large knee flexion produces harmful effects on the cartilage of knee joints and hemodynamics of the lower legs. This study aimed at examining the influence of Seiza on tissue oxygenation kinetics of the lower limbs, plantar somatic and cutaneous sensation, and the center of foot pressure (COP) sway using 10 young adults. COP sway was measured for 1 min just after sitting on a chair for 10 min (pre-test), after 30-min Seiza (post-test 1), and 5 min after Seiza (post-test 2). To evaluate the COP sway, we used 4 body sway factors;unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3) and high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). Physiological parameters (i. e., tissue oxygenation kinetics in the lower legs and sensation on the sole) were measured during 30-min Seiza (continuously on tissue oxygenation, and at 1 min intervals on sensation), and for 1 min just before each COP test (pre-test, post-test 1 and 2). Oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/Mb) concentration decreased markedly and deoxygenated Hb/Mb concentration increased markedly, resulting in reaching a plateau state at around 7 min. Tissue Hb/Mb index changed little during Seiza. Proprioceptive perception thresholds increased rapidly about 17 min after Starting Seiza. Means of 3 COP sway factors of F1, F2 and F4 were significantly higher in post-test 1 than in pre-test and post-test 2. In conclusion, a marked decrease in tissue oxygen concentration of the lower legs within 4-5 min, and an increase of proprioceptive perception thresholds in the sole at about 17 min are induced by Seiza. Although wiggle and quick body sway in the antero-posterior axis increases markedly in an upright posture just after maintaining Seiza for 30 min, sway recovers after sitting on a chair for 5 min.
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| 7.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to clarify the kinetics of muscle oxygenation (Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb) b
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y near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in the decreasing force phase, especially the pre- and post-phases of the inflection point, in sustained maximal static gripping (SSG), and to examine the relationship between kinetics of muscle oxygenation and force-decreasing parameters. The experiment was conducted on 20 male subjects aged 15-18 years. The time at the lowest Oxy-Hb value (20.5±5.5s) significantly correlated with the decreasing times of forces of 40, 60 and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and the rate of decreasing force for 0-1 min (r=.60, .53, .49, and -.63 respectively). These parameters reflect the decreasing force based on the oxygenation deficiency into the muscle with the obstruction of the blood flow. The time of reaching the highest Deoxy-Hb value (46.8±15.Os) and the regression coefficient in the Deoxy-Hb decreasing phase correlated significantly with the decrement for 1-2 min. This parameter evaluates the phase where resumption of the blood flow began, and Deoxy-Hb in the tissue was eliminated. The inflection point of the gripping force is related to the time at the highest Deoxy-Hb, and reflects the beginning and the resumption of the blood flow. The decrement for 2-3 min and the regression coefficient of post-inflection point evaluate the steady state phase of force decreasing, in which oxygen is sufficiently supplied to active muscles. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 23 (2) : 41-47, 2004 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jpa.
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| 8.
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Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
Vision contributes to upright postural control by providing afferent feedback to the cerebellum. Vision is generally cla
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ssified into central and peripheral vision, but little is known about the respective role of central and peripheral vision for postural control with different visual acuity levels. This study examined the influence of visual acuity and visual field conditions on upright posture. Eleven males (21.1 ± 2.0 yrs) and 15 females (22.2 ± 2.2 yrs) were classified into high (above 1.0 binocular vision) and low (below 0.3) visual acuity groups. Postural sway was measured for 1 min in each of three visual field conditions (central vision, full vision, and no vision). Participants were given only central visual information (central vision), central and peripheral visual information (full vision), or no visual information (no vision). The effect of central vision on postural sway was detected as a difference between no vision and central vision conditions, and the effect of peripheral vision was assessed as a difference between central vision and full vision conditions. The low visual acuity group decreased their sway amplitude in antero-posterior direction using central plus peripheral visual information, but the high visual-acuity group did not. The high frequency sway was significantly smaller in the low visual-acuity group than that in the high visual-acuity group under the no vision and central vision conditions. These findings suggest the necessity of considering participants' visual acuity in examining the role of the visual information from the central and peripheral visual fields.
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| 9.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi
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金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />Demura, S and Miyaguchi, K. Evaluation of muscle power exerted by explosive gripping.
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J Strength Cond Res 23(2): 465-471, 2009-To establish the evaluation method for muscle power exerted by explosive gripping, this study aimed to examine the reliability of parameters and the muscle power output properties in both genders. Fifteen young men and 15 women participated in this study. Each subject carried out explosive grip tests twice using a simple muscle power measurement device (weight loading method), each time with 20, 30, 40, and 50% loads of maximum grip strength (MGS) by isometric contraction. Peak power was drawn from the product of the measured peak velocity and relative loads. The reliability of each parameter in all loads was good (interclass correlation coefficient <0.75) for both genders. The MGS showed insignificant correlation with all parameters. Peak power values were larger in men than in women for all loads, and the women's values were 44.5-52.2% of the men's. A large gender difference was found for 20% MGS. In conclusion, the reliability of muscle power parameters measured by the measurement device in this study is high. It was judged that the device used in this study can properly evaluate the gender difference in muscle power output properties by explosive gripping. © 2009 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 10.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Aoki, Hiroki ; Sugimura, Hiroki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to clarify the difference in hand grip power in elderly males and females. The su
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bjects were 15 elderly males (mean age 65.6 ± 2.5 years, mean height 165.7 ± 6.0. cm, mean mass 63.9 ± 5.5. kg) and 15 elderly females (mean age 65.0 ± 2.6 years, mean height 155.2 ± 5.3. cm, mean mass 56.5 ± 7.3. kg). Peak velocity was measured by the dominant hand with loads of 30, 40 and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The MVC was significantly greater in males than in females. The peak velocity and the required time to reach peak velocity in all loads showed insignificant differences between both groups. Hand grip power was significantly greater in males than in females in all loads. In conclusion, elderly males have superior hand grip power compared to elderly females and this gender difference depends largely on MVC. The decrease in muscle contraction velocity in those main muscle groups related to hand grip movement accompanied by age may be greater in males than in females. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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