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| 1.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, S. ; Noguchi, T. ; Nakata, Y.
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />This study estimated the area of visceral fat at the L4-L5 level (VFAL4-5) measured by computed tomogr
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aphy (CT) from anthropometric and segmental percent fat variables. Subjects were 73 adults (50 men and 23 women) aged 24-78 years. Cross-validation was permormed with another 38 adults (25 men and 13 women) aged 21-80 years. The anthropometric variables examined were height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, sagittal diameter, and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) at 14 sites. SFT and segmental percent fat were measured by ultrasonography and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively. A combination of suitable predictors of VFAL4-5 was derived by stepwise multiple regression analysis using these variables. A prediction equation was obtained that used seven predictors: sagittal diameter, waist circumference, three subcutaneous thickness variables (subscapula, chest 1 and abdomen), and segmental percent fat at the trunk and left leg (R=0.902, R2 =0.813, SEE=17.5 cm2). In a Bland-Altman procedure, systematic error was not found in the original group but was only found in women in the cross-validation group. The percentage of the SEE of the prediction equation for the mean VFAL4-5 value was 22.5% in the original group and 20.1% in the cross-validation group. Furthermore, the percentages of SD values of the error for the mean VFAL4-5 value were 21.1% in the original group and 22.2% in the cross-validation group. These values were comparable or superior to those in previous studies. This study provides a useful prediction equation for VFAL4-5 from anthropometry and segmental body composition variables. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 2.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the visceral fat area at the umbilica
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l level (VFA(L4-5)) in Japanese adults, using internal fat mass (IFM) estimated from a few anthropometric variables. METHODS: Subjects were 112 adults aged from 25 to 82 years (body mass index (BMI)=24.2+/-3.1 kg/m(2), ranged from 15.7 to 31.2 kg/m(2)). Another 60 adults aged from 21 to 71 years were recruited for the crossvalidation group (BMI=24.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2), ranged from 17.1 to 34.6 kg/m(2)). We examined (1) the prediction of IFM based on a small number of skinfold thicknesses; (2) the prediction of VFA(L4-5) using IFM and (3) the application of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement. VFA(L4-5) was measured by computed tomography (reference value). Total fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and single-frequency BIA with 8-point tactile electrodes. RESULTS: Three skinfolds at the abdomen, side chest and suprailiac were selected to estimate IFM. From IFM estimated using these three skinfolds, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sex and age, about 75% of the variance of VFA(L4-5) could be explained (Eq(VFA)1: R=863, R(2)=0.745, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=20.483 cm(2)). When substituting IFM based on BIA measurement (IFM(BIA)) into Eq(VFA)1, there were no significant mean differences from the reference in both equations, and high correlations were found (r=0.860, s.e.e.=20.902 cm(2)), although a significant mean difference in total fat mass was found between DXA and BIA measurements. The prediction equation using IFM(BIA) (Eq(VFA)2) could have prediction accuracy comparable with that of Eq(VFA)1 (Eq(VFA)2: R=879, R(2)=0.773, s.e.e.=20.324 cm(2)). Furthermore, when applying these equations to the crossvalidation group, there were cross-validity in both equations. CONCLUSION: This study proposed a prediction equation for VFA(L4-5) from WHR and IFM based on three skinfolds, and the validity of BIA measurement in Japanese adults. We can propose the procedure for a field setting.
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| 3.
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Yokoya, Tomohisa ; Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the fall risk characteristics of the elderly participatin
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g in an exercise class. The subjects were comprised of 206 elderly Japanese aged 60 or older (37 males, 169 females) who participated in an exercise class, approved by the local government, once a week for 6 months. Physical fitness and ADL capability were evaluated by the physical fitness test of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Fall risk was evaluated using the Fall Assessment Chart. Subjects were divided into two groups, high fall risk (total fall risk score ≥5) and low fall risk (total fall risk score <5), and the percentage of subjects in the high risk group was calculated. The percentage of subjects with a high fall risk was 15.8%, lower than the documented rate of the community-dwelling elderly in a previous study. Significant differences between fall risk groups were found in balance and ADL capabilities of walking, holding and changing posture and muscular strength. These functions also were significantly related to fall risk elements such as fall anxiety and slipping or stumbling at home in the partial correlation analyses. Improvement of these functions during exercise class may be useful in decreasing fall risk in the elderly.
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Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />秋田県立大学 総合科学教育研究センター<br />Vision contributes to upright postural control by providing afferent feed
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back to the cerebellum. Vision is generally classified into central and peripheral vision. In measurements of postural sway, in which participants are required to maintain a stable upright posture while fixating on a visual target, non-retinal eye positional information due to the fixation is used as well as the retinal information from both visual fields. However, little is known about the role of non-visual eye positional information in postural control. This study examined the role of non-visual eye position information in upright postural control by comparing participants' centre of pressure (COP) sway between two experimental conditions: (1) a space-fixed visual target condition (control), in which eye movement was not controlled, and (2) a head-fixed visual target condition (treatment), in which eye movement was inhibited. Using 12 university students, COP sway and electrooculograms (EOG) were measured under both conditions. In the space-fixed condition, participants maintain an upright posture while fixating on a visual target fixed on a screen 1 m in front of them. In the head-fixed condition, participants maintained an upright posture while gazing at a target moving in sync with their head sway on the screen. The COP was evaluated by path length, area, root mean square, velocity and position. Eye movements were evaluated by the mean eye movement angle. The mean eye movement angle was significantly larger in the vertical direction then in the horizontal direction in both experimental conditions and was also found to be larger in the space-fixed condition than in the head-fixed condition. No significant different was found in any COP parameter between both conditions. It was suggested that non-visual eye position information from the external eye muscles to the sensory perception system contributes little to postural stabilisation under the measurement conditions used in this study. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2009.
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| 5.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Seiza is one of the most commonly used sitting postures in various enrichment lessons of Japanese
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origin. It is reported that Seiza with large knee flexion produces harmful effects on the cartilage of knee joints and hemodynamics of the lower legs. This study aimed at examining the influence of Seiza on tissue oxygenation kinetics of the lower limbs, plantar somatic and cutaneous sensation, and the center of foot pressure (COP) sway using 10 young adults. COP sway was measured for 1 min just after sitting on a chair for 10 min (pre-test), after 30-min Seiza (post-test 1), and 5 min after Seiza (post-test 2). To evaluate the COP sway, we used 4 body sway factors;unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3) and high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). Physiological parameters (i. e., tissue oxygenation kinetics in the lower legs and sensation on the sole) were measured during 30-min Seiza (continuously on tissue oxygenation, and at 1 min intervals on sensation), and for 1 min just before each COP test (pre-test, post-test 1 and 2). Oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/Mb) concentration decreased markedly and deoxygenated Hb/Mb concentration increased markedly, resulting in reaching a plateau state at around 7 min. Tissue Hb/Mb index changed little during Seiza. Proprioceptive perception thresholds increased rapidly about 17 min after Starting Seiza. Means of 3 COP sway factors of F1, F2 and F4 were significantly higher in post-test 1 than in pre-test and post-test 2. In conclusion, a marked decrease in tissue oxygen concentration of the lower legs within 4-5 min, and an increase of proprioceptive perception thresholds in the sole at about 17 min are induced by Seiza. Although wiggle and quick body sway in the antero-posterior axis increases markedly in an upright posture just after maintaining Seiza for 30 min, sway recovers after sitting on a chair for 5 min.
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| 6.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />京都薬科大学 基礎科学系 健康科学分野<br />This study aimed to examine the age and sex differences in controlled for
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ce exertion measured by the bar chart display in 207 males (age 42.1 ± 19.8 years) and 249 females (age 41.7 ± 19.1 years) aged 15 to 86 years. The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, which appeared as a moving bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test using the dominant hand three times with 1-min intervals (one trial was 40 sec) after one practice trial. A total of the differences between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 sec was used as the evaluation parameter. The errors in controlled force exertion showed a right-skewed distribution in both sexes but showed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation (males, W =.06; females, W =.74; p >.05). In addition, the errors in controlled force exertion tended to increase constantly with age in both sexes. Significant linear regressions were identified (r2males =.88, r2females =.81), but there was no significant difference in the increase rate of both sexes. The results of the analysis of variance and multiple comparisons showed insignificant sex differences among means, except for those in individuals older than 70 years; significant differences between means in the older than 40-year-old age group and the 20-year-old age group were found in both sexes. Individual differences were almost the same in both sexes (CVmales = 20.0∼34.8, CVfemales = 17.7∼36.2). Errors in controlled force exertion showed a nonsignificant sex difference and increased gradually with age in both sexes but increased remarkably with age after 40 years of age. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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| 7.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study determined the physical fitness component that contributes to improving and maintaining
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health status for each age group as well as quantifying the degree of the relationship between health status and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly females. The participants were 2,371 females aged 30 to 69 years. Ten physical fitness tests and medical checkups were performed. The participants were divided into a healthy group and an unhealthy group according to health status. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the multivariate data. Correct discriminant probabilities of the multiple discriminant function to discriminate the healthy and unhealthy groups for females ranged from 63.0% to 77.5%. These results suggest that there is a relatively high relationship between health status and physical fitness level for middle-aged and elderly females. With each individual's discriminant score calculated by the obtained multiple discriminant function as the index of the degree of health, the Pearson's correlation coefficient of the discriminant score and the performance in each physical fitness test were calculated. The aging change from 30 to 69 years old was classified into four patterns according to the contribution. The result of this study is considered to be useful as objective data to prepare an exercise program considering the contribution of the physical fitness component of health status.
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| 8.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi
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金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Dynamic balance ability related to maintaining postural stability during movement is closely tied
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to fall risk in the elderly. The functional reach (FR) test has been developed to evaluate their dynamic balance. Although a simple and new FR test using an elastic stick has been proposed by modifying the above original FR test, the abilities related to both FR tests are judged to differ because of the large difference in the testing method. This study aimed to compare center of gravity fluctuation, muscle activity and functional reach distance as measured by the original FR test and the elastic stick FR test. First, reach distance, back/forth and right/left moving distance of the center of gravity, and activity of the lower leg muscles (soleus and tibialis anterior) were compared between both tests based on data obtained from 30 young male adults. All parameters except for the right/left moving distance were significantly larger in the elastic stick FR test. Next, the reach distance was examined in both FR tests using 53 elderly subjects; it was significantly longer in the elastic stick FR test, but showed no significant sex difference. The reach distance in both tests was significantly shorter (about 7 cm) in the elderly than in young adults. In conclusion, the elastic stick FR test involves greater leg muscle strength exertion and forward transferring of the center of gravity as compared with the original FR test. Because the elastic stick FR test relates largely to leg muscle function and equilibrium function, it may be more useful for evaluating the dynamic balance ability of the elderly. © 2007 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 9.
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Fujii, Katsunori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as an index of obesity in people from the school age children
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to adults. However, the relationship between the change in BMI with age and the coming of menarche has not been discussed as there are few reports on the changes in BMI with age. In this study, the change in BMI with age was examined by applying the wavelet interpolation method (WIM), and a critical period for body fat in terms of the coming of menarche was estimated from the growth velocity. We investigated delayed menarche according to the influence of stress in athletes by comparing delayed menarche between athletes and non-athletes in relation to the critical period. Data were obtained from 144 female athletes in their first year at university in the Tokai area, all of whom had competed in a national sports competition in high school (athlete group). Health examination records showing these subjects' heights and weights from the first grade of elementary school to the final year of high school (1984-1995) were collected and BMI was calculated for each grade. Ages at menarche were ascertained from questionnaires. A control group of 73 non-athletes was similarly examined. The age at maximum peak velocity (MPV) derived from the growth (aging) distance curve of BMI was determined in the control group to be 11.96±0.97 years old. This age at MPV of BMI was almost the same as the age at menarche (12.11±0.93 years old). Therefore, this age at MPV of BMI is estimated to be the critical period of body fat for the coming of menarche. The interval between the age at MPV of BMI and age at menarche was 0.74±1.30 years in the athlete group and 0.15±0.81 years in the control group, so there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the two groups. It is suggested that the delayed menarche in athletes is influenced by the stress of regular sports training.
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| 10.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to clarify the kinetics of muscle oxygenation (Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb) b
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y near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in the decreasing force phase, especially the pre- and post-phases of the inflection point, in sustained maximal static gripping (SSG), and to examine the relationship between kinetics of muscle oxygenation and force-decreasing parameters. The experiment was conducted on 20 male subjects aged 15-18 years. The time at the lowest Oxy-Hb value (20.5±5.5s) significantly correlated with the decreasing times of forces of 40, 60 and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and the rate of decreasing force for 0-1 min (r=.60, .53, .49, and -.63 respectively). These parameters reflect the decreasing force based on the oxygenation deficiency into the muscle with the obstruction of the blood flow. The time of reaching the highest Deoxy-Hb value (46.8±15.Os) and the regression coefficient in the Deoxy-Hb decreasing phase correlated significantly with the decrement for 1-2 min. This parameter evaluates the phase where resumption of the blood flow began, and Deoxy-Hb in the tissue was eliminated. The inflection point of the gripping force is related to the time at the highest Deoxy-Hb, and reflects the beginning and the resumption of the blood flow. The decrement for 2-3 min and the regression coefficient of post-inflection point evaluate the steady state phase of force decreasing, in which oxygen is sufficiently supplied to active muscles. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 23 (2) : 41-47, 2004 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jpa.
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| 11.
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Noguchi, Takanori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the practice effect and what difference it makes in the p
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ursuit rotor test for the dominant and non-dominant hands in 30 right-handed Japanese male adults aged 18 to 23 years (Age 20.8±1.4yrs). The subjects performed the pursuit rotor test for 1min in 20 trials with a 1-min interval alternately using the dominant and non-dominant hands. After continuing for 10 trials, a 5-min rest was taken. The measurement order was randomly assigned. Contact time of a steel pen and a target was measured in units of 1/10sec. The measurements showed a constant increasing tendency at every trial until the 6th trial in both hands. Significant linear regressions were identified, but the increase-rate of the dominant hand was significantly larger. Individual differences showed a decreasing tendency at every trial in the dominant hand, but in the non-dominant hand it increased until the 4th trial then decreased. The relationships between measurements of the 1st and 10th trial in both hands and both hands in the 1st or 10th trial were not high. The performance of the pursuit rotor test improves at every trial in both hands, but the improvement rate decreases after the 7th trial. The improvement rate of the dominant hand is high. The change in individual differences differs in both hands and the relationship between the measurements is not high. It can be judged that the practice effect of the pursuit rotor test differs in the dominant and non-dominant hands.
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| 12.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sohee, Shin ; Yamaji, Shunsuke
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the relationships among various stepping parameters, sex, and age in t
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he elderly. Healthy elderly Japanese individuals 60-85 years old (50 males and 61 females) performed 4 types of stepping motions for 20 s. Stepping motions included bilateral stepping (back/forth and right/left) and unilateral stepping (back/forth and right/left). The number of steps, the average connecting time of a foot during one step, and the average time of both feet touching the floor at the same time (bilateral connecting time) were measured with a foot switch sheet. The trial-to-trial reliability was very high (above 0.86) except for the bilateral connecting time in the bilateral stepping back/forth test for 70-85 year olds (males: 0.67, females: 0.68). With age, the number of steps was significantly smaller, and the average connecting time and the bilateral connecting time were shorter in all stepping tests. There were significant sex differences in bilateral connecting time for bilateral stepping right and left and the number of steps for the bilateral stepping back and forth and the unilateral stepping right and left tests. The number of steps and average connecting time showed high correlations between bilateral stepping right/left and back/forth (r=0.71-0.94) and between unilateral stepping back/forth and right/left (r=0.87-0.99). There were significant correlations of the average connecting time between bilateral and unilateral stepping motions (r=0.51-0.83), but both stepping motions are considered to have different motion properties from the viewpoint of center of gravity sway. The correlations between the bilateral connecting time and the number of steps in bilateral stepping were relatively low (males: |r|<0.70, females: |r|<0.57). The bilateral connecting time was near 0 s in many males; thus, it may depend greatly on individual or sex differences in stepping strategy. These results suggest that the stepping motions used in this study can evaluate dynamic balance ability, and that the unilateral test may be useful for the elderly who cannot walk independently with ease.
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| 13.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Kimura, Akimitsu ; Matsuzawa, Jinzaburo
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to compare body sway characteristics of the healthy elderly and the disordered el
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derly. The subjects were 38 healthy elderly and 24 disordered elderly with disequilibrium. The latter consisted of two groups : 12 elderly with vestibular organ or central nervous systems disorder (central nervous disorders), and 12 elderly with disorder in other systems (other disorders). The measurement device can calculate the center of foot pressure (CFP) of vertical loads from the values of three vertical load sensors, which are located at the corners of an isosceles triangle on a level surface. The data sampling frequency was 20Hz. Four body sway factors with high reliability (unit time sway, frontback sway, left-right sway, and high frequency band power) were used to evaluate body sway. As compared with healthy people, central nervous disorders had larger unit time sway, high frequency band power, and left-right sway factors. Other disorders were larger in unit time sway and high frequency band power factors. Central nervous disorders, as compared with other disorders, had larger unit time sway and left-right sway factors. Disorders produced large and fast sway, and central nervous disorders in particular showed a marked sway in the left-right direction. The existence of disease influenced body sway more than decline in various functions related to posture control with aging, because even with the same elderly, disorders showed a larger body sway.
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| 14.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Komatsu, Miho ; Morishita, Koji
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Fukui National College of Technology<br />Objectives:L-ornithine has an important role in ammonia
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metabolism via the urea cycle. This study aimed to examine the effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on performance during incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercise and ammonia metabolism during and after exercise.Subjects/Methods:In all, 14 healthy young adults (age: 22.2±1.0 years, height: 173.5±4.6 cm, body mass: 72.512.5 kg) who trained regularly conducted incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercises after-ornithine hydrochloride supplementation (0.1 g/kg, body mass) and placebo conditions with a cross-over design. The exercise time (sec) of the incremental ergometer exercise, exercise intensity at exhaustion (watt), maximal oxygen uptake (ml per kg per min), maximal heart rate (beats per min) and the following serum parameters were measured before ingestion, 1 h after ingestion, just after exhaustion and 15 min after exhaustion: ornithine, ammonia, urea, lactic acid and glutamate. All indices on maximal aerobic capacity showed insignificant differences between both the conditions.Results:Plasma ammonia concentrations just after exhaustion and at 15 min after exhaustion were significantly more with ornithine ingestion than with placebo. Plasma glutamate concentrations were significantly higher after exhaustion with ornithine ingestion than with placebo.Conclusions:It was suggested that, although the ingestion of L-ornithine hydrochloride before the exercise cannot be expected to improve performance, it does increase the ability to buffer ammonia, both during and after exercise. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.
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| 15.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />Demura, S and Miyaguchi, K. Evaluation of muscle power exerted by explosive gripping.
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J Strength Cond Res 23(2): 465-471, 2009-To establish the evaluation method for muscle power exerted by explosive gripping, this study aimed to examine the reliability of parameters and the muscle power output properties in both genders. Fifteen young men and 15 women participated in this study. Each subject carried out explosive grip tests twice using a simple muscle power measurement device (weight loading method), each time with 20, 30, 40, and 50% loads of maximum grip strength (MGS) by isometric contraction. Peak power was drawn from the product of the measured peak velocity and relative loads. The reliability of each parameter in all loads was good (interclass correlation coefficient <0.75) for both genders. The MGS showed insignificant correlation with all parameters. Peak power values were larger in men than in women for all loads, and the women's values were 44.5-52.2% of the men's. A large gender difference was found for 20% MGS. In conclusion, the reliability of muscle power parameters measured by the measurement device in this study is high. It was judged that the device used in this study can properly evaluate the gender difference in muscle power output properties by explosive gripping. © 2009 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 16.
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Fujii, Katsunori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Matsuzawa, Jinzaburo
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The Wavelet Interpolation Method (WIM) was applied to the longitudinal records of individuals' hei
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ghts and weights from 6 to 17 years of age (1983 to 1994) in an athlete group (male: 45, female: 50) and a control group (male: 85, female: 85). The criterion of maturity was derived from age at Maximum Peak Velocity (MPV) of height in the control group. Ages at MPV of height and weight were compared between the athletes and control subjects. The WIM was also applied to mean heights from 6.5 to 17.5 years of all the subjects classified by maturation rate in order to derive a model of growth velocity types. Among the athletes, the males were early-maturing and the females tended to be late-maturing. The difference between the ages at MPV of height and weight in males and females was less in the athletes group than in the control group. For the growth velocity model, in the athlete group, three types could be confirmed among the males, and five among the females. By making use of the type models, it was possible to clarify the spans of adolescence as classified by maturation rates, and it was concluded that the period following the age at MPV seems appropriate for the introduction of regular athletic training for each level of maturity.
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| 17.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kobayashi, Hidetsugu ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to construct QOL models for the elderly that included ikigai as a co
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mposition factor and to clarify differences in two kinds of models, one constructed for the elderly with habitual exercise and the other for those without it. The subjects were 1,566 healthy community-dwelling independent people aged 60 years or more (752 males, 814 females). First, the ratio of subjects with ikigai was calculated. The ratios of subjects with different kinds of objects of ikigai were also calculated. Next, structural equation models (SEM) were constructed on the basis of social, physical, and mental QOL and ikigai. Fits of the models were evaluated. To examine whether the presence or absence of habitual exercise caused any difference in the QOL model, subjects were divided into 4 groups according to whether they were male or female and whether they had or did not have an exercise habit. Multipopulation group simultaneous analysis was then performed among the four groups. More than 85% of the subjects had objects of ikigai. Ikigai is an important factor for comprehending the QOL of the elderly. It was possible to construct QOL models for the elderly with ikigai as a composition factor. The effect of physical QOL on mental QOL was negligible in females irrespective of whether they had an exercise habit. The effect of social QOL on mental QOL was profound in aged females with an exercise habit. The effect of the living situation on mental QOL was profound in aged females without an exercise habit. The effect of mental QOL on ikigai was more marked in subjects without an exercise habit than in those with an exercise habit.
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| 18.
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Nakada, Masakatsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Minami, Masaki ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinetics of muscle oxygenation by near infrared spect
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roscopy (NIRS) in the phase of the decreasing force, especially the pre-and post-phases of the inflection point, during repeated rhythmic grip (RRG) of 30 grips/min^<-1> for 6 minutes. The inflection point was the time at which the decreasing speed of the grip force changed markedly. It was calculated statistically from two regression lines fitted to each decreasing phase by applying a two-phase regression model. Ten healthy males performed the RRG for 6 minutes. Total Hb and Oxy-Hb decreased rapidly about 10 sec (7.0±5.9 sec, 9.8±5.4 sec, respectively) corresponding to the value decreasing by 90% MVC after the onset of gripping. Deoxy-Hb was maintained at a high value for 76.2±27.9 sec, corresponding to the value decreasing by 70-80% MVC. These phases are considered to be the states where oxygen was not satisfactorily supplied to the active muscles because of the obstruction of blood flow caused by an increase in the intra-muscular pressure. Deoxy-Hb decreased for 120±21.3 sec after reaching the highest value, and then reached an almost steady state at a higher level than the rest. After this phase, muscle oxygenation kinetics enters the state where oxygen is satisfactorily supplied to active muscles. We considered that the relationship between oxygen supply and demand differs during the initial and the latter phases in RRG. The changing phase in the decreasing speed of the grip force, namely the inflection point of the decreasing force, significantly correlated with the changing phase of the Oxy-Hb and Deoxy-Hb kinetics. The inflection point of the decreasing force seems to correspond to the phase where oxygen supply cannot meet oxygen demand and the increase of Deoxy-Hb. We infer that the pre- and post-phases of the inflection point depend on different physiological factors.
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| 19.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Hamazaki, Hiroshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Objectives: This study aimed to examine age group and individual differences in the controlled for
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ce exertion test by quasi-random display and to propose a provisional norm in 207 males who were right-handed and aged 15-86 years. Methods: The subjects matched exertion values of their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, appearing as a quasi-random wave on the display of a personal computer. The quasi-random waveform was changed in π with amplitude and in π/2 with frequency (peak and mean frequency were 0.1 Hz in both waveforms). The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test three times at 1-min intervals (single trials were 40 s) after one practice trial using the dominant hand. The total of the differences (%) between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 s was used as an evaluation parameter. Results: The measurements showed a right-skewed distribution, which was normal after logarithmic transformation. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among means of each age group and test performance decreased after 40 years of age. Norms for each age group were established. Conclusions: An individual's controlled force exertion by the provisional norm devised in this study can be properly evaluated. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Italia.
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| 20.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Shin, Sohee
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Aim: This study aimed to examine sex and age differences of various stepping movements in the elde
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rly and to clarify useful stepping movements for evaluation of their dynamic balance. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-six healthy elderly subjects who could walk independently (male mean age = 71.2 ± 7.1 years; female mean age = 71.5 ± 6.0) performed the following stepping tests: back and forth; up and down with a 5 cm tall step; and in-place stepping matching three tempos (44, 66 and 132 b.p.m.). Step number, single and double support times in the former two stepping tests, and time difference between metronome sound and grounding time in the latter tempo stepping tests were selected as evaluation parameters. Results: An insignificant sex difference was found in all parameters. Hence, the data of men and women was pooled to examine age differences. Significant age differences were found in the step number and double support time of back and forth and up and down stepping tests and in the time difference of three tempo stepping tests. The step number in younger age groups and the support times in older age groups tended to be larger. Conclusion: No sex difference was found in evaluation parameters of all stepping tests, and all parameters tended to be superior in the younger elderly. The elderly experienced more difficulty matching slow tempos than fast tempos in the in-place stepping test. The back and forth, up and down and in-place matching tempo stepping tests may be useful for evaluating dynamic balance ability of the elderly. © 2008 Japan Geriatrics Society.
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| 21.
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Sugiura, Hiroki ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to examine the differences in the ability to perform various activities of daily living (ADLs) among gr
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oups with various knee problems. The participants consisted of 328 elderly females (age 60-94; mean age 76.1 years; standard deviation 6.2). The subjects were classified into three groups: those without knee pain, those with mild knee pain, and those with severe knee pain. ADLs with markedly higher (>97%) and lower (<38%) achievement rates in the group without knee pain were not significantly different among the three groups. Achievement rates of 40%-97% for ADLs were significantly lower in the group with severe knee pain than in the group without knee pain. In addition, the groups with mild and severe knee pain demonstrated significantly lower achievement rates of ascending and descending stairs and sitting up than the group without knee pain. In conclusion, regardless of the presence of absence of mild or severe knee pain, some ADLs are difficult to achieve, while others are easy. The elderly with severe knee pain find it difficult to achieve many ADLs. In addition, it is difficult for the elderly with mild and severe knee pain to ascend and descend stairs and to sit up. © 2013 Hiroki Sugiura and Shinichi Demura.
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| 22.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
京都薬科大学<br />金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study examined age and sex differences of controlled force exertion in 207 males
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and 249 females aged 15 to 86 years. The subjects matched the submaximal grip strength of their dominant hand to changing demand values, appearing as a sinusoidal waveform on the display of a personal computer. The total difference (%) between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 sec was used as an evaluation parameter. Significant linear regressions were identified, but there was no significant difference in the rate of increase of both sexes. Analysis of variance showed insignificant differences among the means of both sexes, except for those of the 20-24yr-old group, and the differences between means of subjects greater than 50 years of age and 20 years of age increased in both sexes. Individual differences were almost the same in both sexes. The errors in controlled force exertion did not show a significant sex difference and tended to increase with age in both sexes. However, their rates of increase were significant only after 50 years of age.
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| 23.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Tada, Nobuhiko ; Matsuzawa, Jinzaburo ; Mikami, Hajime ; Ohuchi, Tetsuhiko ; Shirane, Hiroya ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to reveal the influence of gender, athletic events and athletic experience on the
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subjective dominant hand and the dominant hand based on the laterally quotient (LQ). It also aimed to examine the validity of the Edinburgh Inventory (Oldfield, 1971). Males and females (n=3,726) living in 7 prefectures in Japan (age: 16-45yrs) participated in this survey. Analysis was performed on 3,557 separate datasets with high reliability. The reliability of the survey was examined using a test-retest method consisting of 100 people selected randomly from all participants. All participants provided the same answers for each question. The influence of gender, event and experience was examined for the subjective and LQ-based dominant hands. In addition, concordance rates of the subjective dominant hand and the LQ-based dominant hand and both dominant hands were examined. Differences of concordance rates between hands used in the 10 movement questions of the Inventory and the subjective dominant hand were tested using the χ^2 test. The frequency differences among items were tested using Ryan's method (multiple comparisons). Significant gender differences were found between rates of the LQ-based dominant hand (males: 94.4%; females: 96.6%) and the subjective dominant hand (males: 91.6%; females: 94.0%), but the degree was only 2.0-4.0%. Insignificant differences were found among athletic events, two groups of different athletic experience, and gender according to each athletic event. The subjective dominant hand almost always agreed with the LQ-based dominant hand (complete concordance rate=0.96, k=0.67). Of the 10 question items, inexperienced answers were found only in the item "Knife (without fork)". The "Toothbrush", "Broom (upper hand)", and "Opening box (lid)" items had significantly lower correspondence with the subjective dominant hand (79.7-87.0%) than the other items (92.1-95.7%). In conclusion, athletic experience appears to have little influence on handedness, although there is a slight gender difference. The subjective dominant hand almost always agrees with the dominant hand based on the Inventory. A more efficient handedness inventory may be constructed by excluding the above 4 items.
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| 24.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Goshi, Fumio ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of posture change on relative body fat in t
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he bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The subjects were 30 Japanese healty yound adult males (age: 19.8±1.4years, height: 172.3±5.8cm, weight: 67.1±8.2kg). We used devices with different body segment inductions, between the hand and foot (H - F BIA) and between hands (H - H BIA), and set four measurement conditions differing in posture (supine or sitting), during rest and measurement. The reliabilities. Of %BF in the H - H and H - F BIA methods were very high (r=0.995, 0.966), and the relationship in %BF between the UW methodd and each BIA method was mid - range (r=0.767, 0.709). Although there were no differences in &BF among different measurement postures in the H - F BIA method, %BF in the H - H BIA method increased significantly when the posture was changed just before measurement. This indicated that it is necessary to pay attention to the posture change just before measurement in the H - H BIA method.
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| 25.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Noguchi, Takanori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to determine the accuracy of segmental body composition variables estimated by si
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nglefrequency BIA with 8-point contact electrodes (SF-BIA8), compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subjects were 72 obese Japanese adults (43 males and 29 females) aged 30 to 66 years. Segmental body composition variables (fat free mass : FFM, fat mass : FM, and percent fat mass : %FAT) were measured by these techniques. The correlations between impedance values and FFM measured by DXA were calculated. To examine the consistency in predicted values (SF-BIAS) with the reference (DXA), significant mean differences were tested by t-test and the degree of the difference was assessed by effect size. Correlations between the reference and predicted values were calculated. Additionally, the standard error of estimation (SEE) when estimating the reference from the predictor and the relative value of the SEE to the mean value of the DXA measurement (%SEE) were calculated. Systematic error was examined by Bland-Altman plots. High correlations were found between impedance and FFM measured by SF-BIA8. FFM in the extremities showed high correlations with the reference values, but systematic error was found. SF-BIA8 tended to overestimate FFM in the trunk. The consistencies in %FAT and FM with the reference value are inferior to those for FFM, and SEE values in %FAT and FM were greater than those for FFM. The accuracy of the estimated values in the trunk (FFM, %FAT, and FM) are inferior to those of the total body and extremities.
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| 26.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, S.
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />This study examined relationships between force outputs during sustained isometric gr
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ips (SIG) and intermittent repeated grips (IRG) with three relative target forces (50%, 75%, and 100% MVC), and subjective muscle-fatigue sensation (SMS) and blood lactate during and after gripping tests. Ten young men performed sustained grip tests with 2 grip types and 3 target forces for 6 min. Lactate and maximal grip strength were measured before, just after and 4 min and 7 min after each grip test. SMS of the forearm was measured every 30 s during and after each grip test. The relationships of average grip force in every 30 s between SIG and IRG were not good. The lactate values after IRG tests with 75% and 100% MVC tended to be higher than in the other conditions. The tendency for decline differs with grip type, intensity (target forces) and the force outputs among the conditions. The muscle fatigue level in the SIG and IRG tests may differ largely even when using the same target force. Although the SIG imposes a larger burden on subjects than the IRG, lactate after gripping work is lower. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
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| 27.
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Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Noda, Masahiro ; Yamada, Takayoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine gender differences in 4 body-sway factors of the center of foot pressu
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re (CFP) during a static upright posture and the influence of alcohol intake on them. Four body-sway factors were interpreted in previous studies using factor analysis (the principal factor method and oblique solution by promax-rotation) on 220 healthy young males and females as follows ; unit time sway, front-back sway, left-right sway and high frequency band power. The CFP measurement for 1 min was carried out twice with 1 min rest. The measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, whole body reaction time, standing on one leg with eyes closed, and CFP were carried out before and after the alcohol intake using 11 healthy young males and females. The measurement device used was an Anima's stabilometer G5500. The data sampling frequency was 20 Hz. Reliability of 4 body-sway factors was very high. Significant gender differences were found in the left-right sway and the high frequency band power factors, but the influence on body-sway is, as a whole, can be disregarded. These four sway factors can determine the influence of alcohol intake as efficient as 32 sway parameters.
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| 28.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Kasuga, Kohsho
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationship of achievement patterns betw
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een 74 activities by selecting nine ADL domains, including 27 items used in existing ADL index for the institutionalized disabled elderly (Disabled-ADL). For these 74 ADL items, 706 institutionalized dependent elderly were assessed using a dichotomous scale of "possible" or "impossible" by staff working at the subjects' institutions. The difficulty of each item was examined by calculating the proportion of "possible" responses. The interrelationships among activities were determined by calculating φ coefficients. Furthermore, the degree of agreement assessed between ADL items was calculated by dividing the total response by the number of "possible-possible" and "impossible-impossible" responses, in order to examine the similarity of the achievement pattern of ADL. The φ, coefficient values were high among ADL items with comparable difficulty where the item proportions were within about 10%. Even if belonging to a different ADL domain, the relationship was high among ADL items with similar difficulty and kinds of activity. All of the 27 activities used in Disabled-ADL indicated high agreement of over 80% with one or more activities among the other 47 activities used in this study. Especially, three lower extremity activities of "putting on trousers while standing", "going up and down stairs" and "squatting down from a standing posture" agreed more than 90% with many other lower extremity activities. The possibility is suggested in determining lower extremity functional levels by assessing these three activities. The selection of ADL items considering these influences is necessary to comprehensively assess ADL ability of disabled elderly.
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| 29.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the useful measurement time when evaluating static muscle
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endurance by comparing various parameters during sustained static gripping for 1, 3 and 6 min. Fifteen males (mean±SD age 20.8±1.3 yr, height 172.9±4.6 cm body mass 67.7±5.7 kg) and fifteen females [mean±SD age 20.2±0.9 yr, height 158.5±3.2 cm, body mass 55.9±4.6 kg] volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects performed the sustained static maximal grip test with a sagittal and horizontal arm position for 1, 3 and 6 min on different days. Eleven force-time parameters were selected to evaluate static muscle endurance. The trial-to-trial reliability of each measurement time of sustained static maximal gripping was very high (r_<xy> = 0.887-0.981 (1 min), 0.912-0.993 (3 min), 0.901-0.965 (6 min)). The errors of exertion values between trials were very small (below 10%). A significant correlation was found in the following parameters: the final strength and the exponential function between 1 min and 3 min, all parameters except for the time required to reach 80% of maximal grip, the regression coefficient at post-inflection between 3 min and 6 min, and the decreasing rate between all measurement times (1 min, 3 min, and 6 min). Significant differences between the measurement times were found in all parameters except for the time to 60, 70, and 80 % force decreases, and the regression coefficient of pre-inflection. There was a tendency that the longer the measurement time, the larger the decreasing force. It is suggested that for the 6 min measurement, the subjects unconsciously restrained the maximal gripping force, influenced by a psychological factor as the pain became greater. The 1 min measurement may evaluate only the remarkable decreasing phase of the decreasing force, and not evaluate the phase of an almost steady state.
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| 30.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study determined the physical fitness component that contributes to improving and maintaining
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health status for each age group as well as quantifying the degree of the relationship between health status and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly males. The participants were 995 males aged 30 to 69 years. Ten physical fitness tests and medical checkups were performed. The participants were divided into a healthy group and an unhealthy group according to health status. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the multivariate data. Correct discriminant probabilities of the multiple discriminant function to discriminate the healthy and unhealthy groups for males ranged from 67.0% to 75.1%. These findings suggest that there is a relatively high relationship between the health status and physical fitness level for middle-aged and elderly males. With each individual's discriminant score calculated using the multiple discriminant function as the index of the degree of health, the Pearson's correlation coefficient of the discriminant score and the performance in each physical fitness test were calculated. The age change between 30 and 69 years old was classified into five patterns according to the contribution. The result of this study is considered to be useful as objective data to prepare an exercise program considering the contribution of the physical fitness component of health status.
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| 31.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The present study aimed to compare the accuracy of estimating the percentage of total body fat (%T
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BF) among three bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices: a single-frequency BIA with four tactile electrodes (SF-BIA4), a single-frequency BIA with eight tactile electrodes (SF-BIA8) and a multi-frequency BIA with eight tactile electrodes (MF-BIA8). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hydrostatic weighing (HW) were used as references for the measured values. Forty-five healthy college student volunteers (21 males: 172.9±5.5cm and 65.8±9.1kg and 24 females: 160.7±6.6cm, 52.6±6.2kg) were the subjects. Correlation coefficients between the BIA measurements and the references were calculated. The standard error of estimation (SEE) was calculated by regression analysis when estimating the reference measures (DXA and HW) from the predictor (SF-BIA4, SF-BIA8 and MF-BIA8). The differences in %TBF between the reference and the predictor, calculated by the reference minus the predictor, were plotted against the %TBF measured by the references. The MF-BIA 8 here showed the highest correspondence to the reference and the least estimation error compared with the other BIA methods. It is considered that there is a limit to directly estimate FFM from a regression equation using impedance, weight, height and age as independent variables, and that %TBF can be more accurately estimated by measuring segmental impedances using eight electrodes and multi-frequency electric currents and then estimating total body water from these impedances.
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| 32.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Yokoya, Tomohisa ; Sato, Toshiro
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />金沢工業大学基礎教育部 修学基礎教育課程 生涯スポーツ教育<br />金沢工業大学基礎教育部 <br />Objectives: The aim of this study was to sele
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ct useful items for assessing fall risk in healthy elderly Japanese individuals. Methods: A total of 965 healthy elderly Japanese subjects aged ≥60 years (349 males 70.4 ± 7.1 years, 616 females 69.9 ± 7.1 years) participated in this study. Of these, 16.6% had suffered from a previous fall. We assumed five fall risk factors: symptoms of falling, physical function, disease and physical symptoms, environment, and behavior and character. Eighty-six items were selected to represent these factors. To confirm the component items for each risk factor, we performed factor analysis (principle factor solution and varimax rotation). The high-fall risk response rate was also calculated for each item, and significant differences in this rate were examined between groups of those who had and not had experienced a fall. Results: Useful items were selected using the following criteria: (1) items showing a significant difference in high fall risk response rate between faller and non-faller groups were selected as useful items; (2) items showing low factor loading (<0.4) for any factor were deleted as inappropriate items; (3) the top two items showing a greater amount of the difference in high fall risk response rate among the representative items for each factor. A total of 50 items were selected from each fall risk factor (symptoms of falling, 3 items; physical function, 22 items; disease and physical symptom, 13 items; environment, 4 items; behavior and character, 8 items). Conclusions: Based on our results, the selected items can comprehensively assess the fall risk of a healthy elderly Japanese population. In addition, the assessment items for physical function comprised items of different levels of difficulty, and these are able to gradually and comprehensively assess physical function. © 2009 The Japanese Society for Hygiene.
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| 33.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Muscle endurance is one of the important composite factors to health-related physical fitness. How
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ever, previous measurement techniques for evaluation of isometric muscle endurance have been problematic, including rapid increase of blood pressure and heart rate. The progressive workload method which gradually increases the load can reduce subject's physical and mental burden and is safe even for the elderly. This study aims to examine the relationship between exerted force and subjective muscle-fatigue sensation (SMS) of the antebrachial region as well as differences with respect to gender during sustained static gripping. Subjects consisted of 12 males (age 20.8 ± 1.6 years) and 15 females (age 20.5 ± 1.3 years) with no history of neuromuscular disorders. They performed sustained static gripping, in which the demand values are gradually increased: 10 sec for 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 20 sec each for 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% MVC, and 10 sec for 80% MVC. Demand values (each %MVC) were determined based on each subject's MVC. The forces exerted during at the demand values of 70-80% MVC were significantly lower in males than in females. A gender difference in SMS between male and female subjects occurred at demand values of 40-60% MVC. In short, even when maintaining the same exertion force during demand values of 40-60% MVC, males may experience greater physical fatigue than females. © 2008 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 34.
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論文
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />Miyaguchi, K and Demura, S. Relationships between muscle power output using the stretc
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h-shortening cycle and eccentric maximum strength. J Strength Cond Res 22(6): 1735-1741, 2008-This study aimed to examine the relationships between muscle power output using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and eccentric maximum strength under elbow flexion. Eighteen young adult males pulled up a constant light load (2 kg) by ballistic elbow flexion under the following two preliminary conditions: 1) the static relaxed muscle state (SR condition), and 2) using the SSC with countermovement (SSC condition). Muscle power was determined from the product of the pulling velocity and the load mass by a power measurement instrument that adopted the weight-loading method. We assumed the pulling velocity to be the subject's muscle power parameters as a matter of convenience, because we used a constant load. The following two parameters were selected in reference to a previous study: 1) peak velocity (m.s-1) (peak power) and 2) 0.1-second velocity during concentric contraction (m.s -1) (initial power). Eccentric maximum strength by elbow flexion was measured by a handheld dynamometer. Initial power produced in the SSC condition was significantly larger than that in the SR condition. Eccentric maximum strength showed a significant and high correlation (r = 0.70) with peak power in the SSC condition but not in the SR condition. Eccentric maximum strength showed insignificant correlations with initial power in both conditions. In conclusion, it was suggested that eccentric maximum strength is associated with peak power in the SSC condition, but the contribution of the eccentric maximum strength to the SSC potentiation (initial power) may be low. © 2008 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 35.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Kitabashi, Tamotsu ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the effects of room temperature and body position changes on cerebral
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blood volume, blood pressure and center-of-foot pressure (COP). Cerebral oxygenation kinetics and blood pressure were measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and volume-compensation, respectively, in 9 males and 9 females after rapid standing from sitting and supine positions in low (12℃) or normal (22℃) room temperatures. COP was also measured in a static standing posture for 90s after rapid standing. The total hemoglobin (Hb) decreased just after standing. Blood pressure after standing at normal temperature tended to decrease immediately but at low temperature tended to decrease slightly and then to increase greatly. The decreasing ratio of total Hb and blood pressure upon standing from a supine position at normal room temperatures was the largest of any condition. Total Hb recovered to a fixed level approximately 25sec after standing from a sitting position and approximately 35sec after standing from a supine position. All COP parameters after standing tended to change markedly in the supine position compared to the sitting position, especially at normal temperatures. The COP parameters after standing in any condition were not significantly related to the decreasing ratio of total Hb but were related to the recovery time of total Hb after standing. In conclusion, decreasing ratios of total Hb and blood pressure after standing from a supine position at normal temperatures were large and may affect body sway.
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| 36.
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論文
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study examined age group and individual differences in controlled force exertion by emulating
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sinusoidal and quasi-random waveforms in 222 right-handed female adults aged 20 to 86 years. The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength by the dominant hand to changing demand values displayed as either a sinusoidal or a quasi-random waveform appearing on the display of a personal computer. A total of the differences between the demanded value and grip exertion value for 25 seconds was used as an evaluation parameter. The measurements showed a tendency to increase across the age groups in both waveforms. Significant second-order curve regressions were identified, but there was no significant difference in the increase rates of both waveforms. Analysis of variance showed non-significant differences among means of both waveforms in all age groups, and the differences between means in groups of participants over 50 and 20- to 24-year-olds increased in both waveforms. Individual differences were almost the same in both waveforms. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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| 37.
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Ikemoto, Yukio ; Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Minami, Masaki ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />Although explosive isometric contraction provides little work toward the outside, for
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ce-time parameters of the rising phase of the force-time curve may be able to predict muscle power. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle power with work (power grip) and force-time parameters during the rising phase in explosive isometric grip. Fifteen healthy young adult males participated in this study. Power grip was measured using loads of 20%-50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (peak isometric force). Subjects pulled explosively on a grip bar held with the second digital joints without the thumb. Peak power was calculated from peak velocity and load. Explosive isometric grip was measured using a hand dynamometer. Time-series data of both tests were sampled by an analog-to-digital interface. Both tests were performed with the subjects seated with a sagittal and horizontal position of the arm supported by an armrest. Peak power in the power grip test tended to be larger with an increase of the load, but there was no significant difference between 40% and 50% MVC. Only the peak power in 50% MVC significantly correlated with peak grip force (r=0.52, p <0.05). The force-time parameters related to the peak rate of the rising force phase in explosive isometric grip significantly correlated with the peak powers (30%-50% MVC, r= 0.58-0.78 ). Peak rate of the rising force phase in explosive isometric grip may be useful for predicting muscle power with loads between 30%-50% MVC. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 38.
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論文
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Shin, Sohee ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the reliability and sex- and age-related differences of step tests wit
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h stipulated tempos as well as to clarify useful test parameters and tempos. One hundred forty elderly people and fifty young adults conducted tapping and stepping tests, matching the tempo provided by a metronome. Both tests involve movements where the subject touches a sheet with both the right and left hands or right and left legs at a designated spot. Evaluation parameters were the time difference between the beep sound and the time at which the sheet was touched in both tests as well as two-leg support and one-leg support times in the step test. The trial-to-trial reliability of the parameters in both tests was high. The time differences of both 40bpm tests in the elderly were larger in males than in females. In the step test, the time difference and two-leg support times of the elderly were larger, in the order of 40, 60, and 120bpm, and the one-leg support time was less in 40bpm than 60bpm or 120bpm. The one-leg support time of the young subjects was larger, in the order of 40, 60, and 120bpm. A significant age-related difference was found in the 40bpm and 60bpm test, and the time difference and two-leg support time were larger in the elderly while the one-leg support time was larger in the young subjects. The time difference at 40bpm in the elderly was larger in the step test than in the tap test. There was no significant difference between both tests in the young subjects. In conclusion, the step test with the slow tempo, because it requires a long one-leg support phase, is effective for evaluating dynamic balance in the elderly. The time difference and two-leg and one-leg support times are effective evaluation parameters of the step test.
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| 39.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) is a representative mobility test for assessing the falling risk of the
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elderly. Although several tests have been developed, including the TUG, these do not include a "tripping" element, and tripping is a major cause of falling. This study examined the influence of various obstacle heights on test performance in the TUG test and test-retest reliability. Twenty-two healthy elderly women participated in the TUG test and in the TUG test with an obstacle (TUGO). The obstacle is a box (width 120 cm and depth 20 cm), the height of which varies (0, 5 and 17 cm). In the 0-cm height condition, a thin sheet was laid down instead of the box. In the TUGO, subjects stood up from an armchair, walked 5 m, stepped over the box, turned, stepped over the box again, walked back to the chair and sat down. The reliability of the time required for the motion around the obstacle was high and the total time in the TUGO test increased (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.74-0.99). These parameters were significantly larger for the height order 17, 5, and 0 cm and exhibited significant correlations with time required for the TUG (r = 0.61 - 0.92) and the height of subjects. An obstacle with 5 cm height prolonged the time during standing on one leg just before the obstacle and the time during turning motion after stepping over it. By adding the obstacle to the TUG, the physical mobility of the elderly is assessed more properly. © 2007 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 40.
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40. Characteristics and Lateral Dominance of Hand Grip and Elbow Flexion Powers in Young Male Adults
Aoki, Hiroki ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to clarify the characteristics and the lateral dominance of hand grip power and e
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lbow flexion power. The subjects were 15 healthy young males (mean age 22.1±0.7yr, mean height 171.3±3.4cm, mean mass 64.5± 4.1kg). All subjects were right-handed. Peak power was measured by both hands with 6 different loads of 20%-70% of maximum voluntary contraction. The maximum voluntary contraction of hand grip movement and elbow flexion movement was significantly larger in the dominant hand. Peak power of the dominant hand was larger in all loads in hand grip movement and in loads of 20% and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction in elbow flexion movement. In short, lateral dominance was confirmed. Peak power was significantly larger in hand grip movement than in elbow flexion movement in both hands. Peak velocity decreased with increasing loads in both movements, but peak power increased until about 50% of maximum voluntary contraction and then decreased. The peak power ratio of the dominant hand to the nondominant hand was significantly larger in hand grip movement than in elbow flexion movement in all loads and the peak power ratio in elbow flexion movement was more marked in light loads. In conclusion, both powers showed lateral dominance. Lateral dominance is more marked in hand grip power.
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| 41.
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Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Noda, Masahiro
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to determine the factor structure of the center of foot pressure (CFP) movement d
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uring static upright posture, and to objectively categorize and summarize parameters to evaluate CFP movement. The subjects were 220 healthy young males and females. The measurement of CFP was carried out 3 times with 1 min rest and the mean of trials 2 and 3 was used for the analysis. The measurement device was an Anima's stabilometer G5500. The data sampling frequency was 20 Hz. Thirty-four parameters with high reliability were selected from the following 6 domains except for the center position which is a fundamental attribute : distance, distribution of amplitude, area, velocity, power spectrum, and body sway vector. Factor analysis (principal factor method and promax rotation) was applied to a correlation matrix consisting of 32 parameters. Four factors abstracted were interpreted as follows ; unit time sway, front and back sway, left and right sway and high frequency band of power spectrum. The reliability coefficient (ICC=0.89-0.95) and the congruence coefficient (φ0=0.80-0.97) between factors abstracted from the original and the cross-validity groups were very high. It was considered that the CFP movement consists of the above 4 factors that evaluate the amount of body sway and can be synthetically evaluated by them.
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| 42.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Yamada, Takayoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />The purpose of this study was to compare oxygenation kinetics measured by slightly di
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fferent placements of a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) probe during sustained isometric gripping. Oxygenation kinetics of sixteen young adult males was measured with two NIRS probes attached to the flexor carpiradialis muscle during gripping for 3 min. One probe (channel 1) was attached at one-third the length of a line from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the styloid process of radius. Another probe (channel 2) was attached at the palmaris longus. Although the cross-correlation coefficients for the two probe placements regarding oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb/Mb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb/Mb) and tissue oxygenation saturation (StO2) were low (rxy, 0.119-0.405), Pearson's correlation coefficients for the times to reach almost steady state for these parameters were very high (oxy-Hb/Mb, r=0.878; deoxy-Hb/Mb, r=0.769; StO2, r=0.843; p<0.05). The difference of oxygenation kinetics between the probe placements may reflect the difference of fiber recruitment characteristics in the flexion muscle group. In conclusion, to obtain a stable measurement, it is important that the NIRS probe is placed at the same anatomical point. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 43.
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Sugimoto, Hiroe ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Shimomura, Masaaki
概要:
Aim: The present study clarifies the effects of participation in a preventative health classroom program (exercise progr
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am) for 1 year on the physical functions of pre-frail elderly individuals in comparison with healthy elderly individuals. Methods: Participants in the study included 28 elderly pre-frail female participants and 28 elderly healthy female participants. Participants engaged in the exercise program for 1 year. There was no significant age or physical differences between both groups. Before and after the exercise program, the following physical function tests were carried out: grip strength, one-legged balance with eyes open, 5-m walking time and a timed up & go (TUG). Results: The pre-frail elderly group tested significantly lower in the one-legged balance with eyes open test and the TUG test compared with the healthy elderly group. The 5-m walking time test improved significantly in both groups, but the TUG improved only in the pre-frail elderly group. Conversely, the grip strength and one-legged balance with eyes open tests remained unchanged. Conclusion: Improvements in the TUG and 5-m walking time tests were found in the pre-frail elderly group after the 1-year exercise program. Their results in the TUG test might be greater than those among the healthy elderly individuals. © 2013 Japan Geriatrics Society.
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| 44.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Shin, Sohee ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to develop a criterion for screening high risk elderly using Demura's fall risk a
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ssessment chart (DFRA), compared with the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of gerontology (TMIG) fall risk assessment chart. Participants included 1122 healthy elderly individuals aged 60 years and over (380 males and 742 females) 15.8% of whom had experienced a fall. We assessed fall risk of the elderly by DFRA and TMIG. To develop a criterion for screening high fall risk subjects among community-dwelling elderly, receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted using fall experience (separated into the categories of faller and non-faller) and the following fall risk scale scores: (1) TMIG score, (2) DFRA score, and (3) potential for falling score according to the DFRA (summing the scores of three items). In ROC analyses, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for evaluating the potential for falling gave a value of 0.797 (95% CI = 0.759-0.834) which proved better than the evaluation of the overall TMIG (0.654, 95% CI = 0.600-0.706) and DFRA scores (0.680, 95% CI = 0.633-0.727). Assessment of the potential for falling and fall experience are of benefit in screening for elderly persons deemed to be at a high fall risk. Further examinations based on the prospective data setting will be required. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 45.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to examine age group and individual differences of the controlled force exertion test by sinusoidal wav
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eforms and to propose a provisional norm in 207 male adults who were right-handed and aged 15 to 86 years (mean = 42.1±19.8 yrs). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, appearing with a sinusoidal waveform on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test three times with 1-min intervals (one trial lasted 40 s), after one practice trial using the dominant hand. A total of the differences between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 s was used as an evaluation parameter. The measurements showed a right-skewed distribution without a normal distribution. They showed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation (W=0.09, p>0.05). The result of the analysis of variance showed significant differences in the means of each age group (F=16.43, p<0.05), and test performance tended to decrease after 50 years of age. Considering the above-stated age group difference, the norm of each age group was established. The controlled force exertion value by the sinusoidal waveform decreases markedly after 50 years of age. An individual’s controlled force exertion for the devised provisional norm was evaluated in this study.
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| 46.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
This study prepared an estimation equation for the evaluation of health status of middle-aged and elderly males and females on the basis of physical fitness tests easily performed at fitness facilities not equipped to conduct medical
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checkups. The participants were 2,096 males and females aged 30 to 69 years. All participants underwent medical checkups and physical fitness tests, which, based on the judgment of a medical doctor, determined categorization into two groups; namely, a healthy group and an unhealthy group. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to prepare an estimation equation, and correct discriminant probabilities were used to evaluate the validity of the equation. Physical fitness variables selected for the equations were height, weight, body mass index, percent body fat, grip strength, one leg balance with eyes closed, reaction time, sit-ups, Vo2max, and age. The correct discriminant probabilities of discriminant functions obtained for males and females were 66.5 % to 76.6 % and 62.7 % to 76.4 %, respectively. This suggested that health status could be evaluated with relatively high accuracy by the estimation equation derived from the physical fitness test. The equation presented in this study as an initial screening test is useful in the practical field of exercise instruction for the promotion and maintenance of health in middle-aged and elderly individuals.
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| 47.
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Murase, Tomohiko ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This article discusses and summarizes previous studies dealing with fitness and motor performance in preschool children
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from the viewpoint of measurement and evaluation, and determines topics for further studies. The studies reviewed in this article were mainly published in the “Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences” (edited by the Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences), and the “Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine” (edited by the Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine). The element of endurance should be included in the structure of fitness and motor performance in preschool children, as has been done in some studies of cardio-respiratory functions in preschool children. Further examinations are needed to validate the structure and to explore new elements. Considering that the measures obtained from one test are influenced by plural elements of fitness and motor performance, some multivariate analyses, such as factor analysis, would be useful to describe and quantify the pure elements. A test battery by maximal exertion by the subjects has been utilized in many previous studies, and the tests are applicable to measurements in both research and practical fields because validity, reliability, objectivity and practicability were examined, and the norms are published. However, studies for the availability of pass or fail test are necessary in the future. In general, periodic studies examining the conclusions of previous studies on the structure of fitness and motor performance, age and gender differences, and the related factors for preschool children are needed because the environments influencing preschool children vary from year to year.
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| 48.
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Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Hitoshi
概要:
This study is aimed at examining body sway factors for 1,107 healthy people aged 16 to 69 years and to propose a practic
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al body sway evaluation method. The center of foot pressure measurement was carried out twice for 1 min. with a 1-min. rest. 30 parameters with high reliability selected from 6 domains (distance, distribution of amplitude, area, velocity, power spectrum, and body sway vector) were summarized objectively into 4 body sway factors (unit time sway, front-back sway, left-right sway, and high frequency band power). Factor scores were calculated by the estimate equation and the total standard scores of parameters with high factor loadings. Considering this result, a total standard score for each factor was classified into 4 percentile categories based on percentile rank. Using this classification criteria, body sway scores for each individual were classified into any of the above 4 domains for each factor. It was confirmed that young adultsmainly belong to percentile Categories A and B and the elderly mainly belong to percentile Categories C and D. It was found that a great effect on body sway occurred when an individual's conscious condition changed (contracting a cold or after exercise). In conclusion, the body sway of healthy people can be explained by these 4 sway factors. An evaluation of the body sway pattern using the 4 sway factors may enable us to concretely understand individuals' disorders and abnormal states in addition to changes in body sway that occur with aging. © Perceptual and Motor Skills 2011.
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| 49.
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Sakai, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Fujii, Katsunori
概要:
Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Obesity is a state in which b
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ody fat accumulates to an abnormal degree, and detailed information about body composition is necessary to investigate the problems of obesity in children. In the present study, we measured body composition using equipment based on the multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method to measure lean body mass and the quantity of fat. We evaluated differences in body composition in young children from 3 to 5 years old, including differences in relation to gender, and correlated them with measured values of BMI. The fat percentages in girls were higher than in boys, and the muscle percentages (muscle mass/weight × 100) were the opposite. These results show that there were differences in relation to gender. Our evaluations were based on regression analysis of fat percentages in relation to BMI and muscle percentages. A high correlation was found between BMI and fat percentage. The relationship between BMI and muscle percentage was the opposite of the relationship between BMI and fat percentage, and there was a high negative relationship between boys and girls. A significant regression tendency was confirmed from the results of the regression analysis of fat and muscle percentages for BMI in preschool children. This suggests that BMI can also be used to evaluate the fatness or thinness of a preschool child. In short, BMI can be used as an index that can be used to evaluate fat and muscle percentages from early childhood. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Italia.
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| 50.
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi ; Sugiura, Hiroki ; Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Noda, Masahiro
概要:
This study examines the development of various reaction movements in preschool children and the relationship between rea
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ction times and favorite play activities. The subjects were 167 healthy preschool children aged 4-6 (96 boys and 71 girls). This study focused on the reaction times of the upper limbs (reaction 1: release; reaction 2: press) and the whole body (reaction 3: forward jump). The activities frequently played in preschools are largely divided into dynamic play activities (tag, soccer, gymnastics set, dodge ball, and jump rope) and static play activities (drawing, playing house, reading, playing with sand, and building blocks). The subjects chose 3 of 10 cards picturing their favorite play activities, depicting 10 different activities. All intraclass correlation coefficients of measured reaction times were high (0.73-0.79). In addition, each reaction time shortened with age. Reaction 1 showed a significant and low correlation with reaction 3 (r = 0.37). The effect size of the whole body reaction time was the largest. Whole body reaction movement, which is largely affected by the exercise output function, develops remarkably in childhood. Children who liked "tag" were faster in all reaction times. The children who chose "soccer" were faster in reactions 2 and 3. In contrast, children who liked "playing house" tended to have slower reaction times. Dynamic activities, such as tag and soccer, promote development of reaction speed and agility in movements involving the whole body. Preschool teachers and physical educators should re-examine the effect of tag and use it periodically as one of the exercise programs to avoid unexpected falls and injuries in everyday life. © 2013 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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