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| 1.
論文 |
論文
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Murayama, Takayuki ; Sekiya, Hiroshi
概要:
Factors related to choking under pressure during sports were investigated through a questionnaire survey and the relationship among the factors was examined. A questionnaire survey of choking was conducted among university
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students in sports-oriented school clubs (n=535). Exploratory factor analysis extracted 11 factors: changes in motor control and vicious circles, abnormal physical sensations, perceptual and cognitive confusion, introversion, self-consciousness, feelings of physical heaviness and weakness, conscious processing (attention to movements), passivity, feelings of physical fatigue, safety-oriented strategies, and heat sensations. An analytical model with nine factors, (excluding feelings of physical fatigue and heat sensations) as latent variables was constructed, and covariance structure analysis was performed. The results indicated the validity of the mechanistic model of choking, consisting of nine latent variables. According to the model, when self-consciousness, or abnormal physical sensations, had a high profile, conscious processing increased. Furthermore, it was confirmed that conscious processing affected changes in motor control and vicious circles, which led directly to a decline in motor performance. It was also indicated that abnormal physical sensations determined perceptual and cognitive confusion, or feelings of physical heaviness and weakness. On the other hand, when perceptual and cognitive confusion and feelings of physical heaviness and weakness had a high profile, passivity increased. High passivity caused changes in motor control and vicious circles. Moreover, increased passivity led to the adoption of a safety-oriented strategy that often caused changes in motor control and vicious circles. While previous studies have tried to explain choking only from the perspective of changes in attention, the above results suggest the following mechanistic model of choking, indicative of another perspective: Changes in psychological, physiological, and behavioral variables cause a decline in performance. Especially interactions between emotions and cognitions and the adoption of a strategy with a low risk of failure determine changes in motor control.<br />Browse "Advance Publication" version. *Original article published in Japan J. Phys. Educ. Hlth. Sport Sci. 57: 595-611, 2012 (in Japanese)
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| 2.
その他 |
その他
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北浦, 孝 ; 寳學, 淳郎 ; 村山, 孝之 ; Kitaura, Takashi ; Hougaku, Atsurou ; Murayama, Takayuki
概要:
第二部 紀要 Ⅱ 研究報告
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| 3.
論文 |
論文
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村山, 孝之 ; Murayama, Takayuki
概要:
金沢大学国際基幹教育院GS教育系<br />本研究の目的は，視線行動とパフォーマンスの間に介在する「知覚－運動系」の働きに着目し，プレッシャーによる知覚－運動系の崩壊に対する，QEの抑制効果と抑制メカニズムを解明することであった．ターゲット
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課題を用いた実験の結果，プレッシャー下ではQE時間が低下し，パフォーマンスが低下するほどターゲットの知覚サイズが変化する可能性が示された．また，QE時間が長いグループは，プレッシャー条件でも知覚サイズが変化しにくく，パフォーマンスも低下しにくいことが示された．これらの結果から，プレッシャー下では，視線行動，環境情報の知覚，ならびにパフォーマンスが相互に影響することが確認された．<br />The purpose of this study is to focus on the function of the "perceptual-motor system" interposed between the gaze behavior and performance, and to elucidate the inhibitory effect and suppression mechanism of QE on the disruption of the perceptual-motor system by psychological pressure. Experiments using target task showed that QE duration decreased under pressure and the perceived size of the target may change as performance decreases. In addition, it was shown that the perceived size was less likely to change even under pressure conditions, and performance was less likely to decrease in groups with longer QE duration. These results showed that gaze behavior, perception of environmental information, and performance affect each other under pressure.<br />研究課題/領域番号:16K01657, 研究期間(年度):2016-04-01 – 2020-03-31<br />出典：「Quiet Eyeはプレッシャー下における知覚: 運動系の崩壊をいかに抑制するか？」研究成果報告書 課題番号16K01657（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16K01657/16K01657seika/）を加工して作成
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| 4.
論文 |
論文
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村山, 孝之 ; Murayama, Takayuki
概要:
金沢大学国際基幹教育院<br />本研究の目的は，プレッシャー下における知覚－運動系，注意，情動の関係性を解明することであった．研究の結果，プレッシャー下では環境に対する知覚の正確性が低下する可能性が示された．また，正確性と速度の両方が求め
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られる眼と手の協応課題においては，速度よりも正確性を重視する方略が採用され，視覚探索率が増大する結果が示された．さらに，プレッシャー下で生じる知覚，注意，運動制御，運動方略の変化が身体の情動反応やその過剰亢進の影響を受ける可能性が示された．これらのことから，プレッシャー下では知覚・注意の変化，身体の情動反応，ならびに運動制御・運動方略の変化が相互に影響することが確認された．<br />The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between perceptual-motor system, attention and emotion under pressure. The result of the study showed that the accuracy of the perception of the environment reduced under pressure. In the eye-hand coordination tasks, which require both accuracy and speed, a strategy to focus on accuracy is adopted, and the results of visual search rate increase. In addition, the perception, attention, motor control, and the changes of the movement strategy of the under pressure were shown to be influenced by the emotional reaction of the body and the excessive enhancement. From these, it was confirmed that changes in perception and attention, emotional responses of the body, and changes in motor control and movement strategy were mutually affected under pressure.<br />研究課題/領域番号:25750289, 研究期間(年度):2013-04-01 – 2016-03-31
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| 5.
論文 |
論文
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村山, 孝之 ; Murayama, Takayuki
概要:
金沢大学国際基幹教育院GS教育系<br />本研究の目的は，プレッシャー下における知覚－運動系，注意，情動の関係性を解明することであった．研究の結果，プレッシャー下では環境に対する知覚の正確性が低下する可能性が示された．また，正確性と速度の
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両方が求められる眼と手の協応課題においては，速度よりも正確性を重視する方略が採用され，視覚探索率が増大する結果が示された．さらに，プレッシャー下で生じる知覚，注意，運動制御，運動方略の変化が身体の情動反応やその過剰亢進の影響を受ける可能性が示された．これらのことから，プレッシャー下では知覚・注意の変化，身体の情動反応，ならびに運動制御・運動方略の変化が相互に影響することが確認された．<br />The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between perceptual-motor system, attention and emotion under pressure. The result of the study showed that the accuracy of the perception of the environment reduced under pressure. In the eye-hand coordination tasks, which require both accuracy and speed, a strategy to focus on accuracy is adopted, and the results of visual search rate increase. In addition, the perception, attention, motor control, and the changes of the movement strategy of the under pressure were shown to be influenced by the emotional reaction of the body and the excessive enhancement. From these, it was confirmed that changes in perception and attention, emotional responses of the body, and changes in motor control and movement strategy were mutually affected under pressure.<br />研究課題/領域番号:25750289, 研究期間(年度):2013-04-01 – 2016-03-31
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| 6.
論文 |
論文
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村山, 孝之 ; Murayama, Takayuki
概要:
金沢大学国際基幹教育院GS教育系<br />本研究の目的は,スポーツ場面における「あがり」の発現機序を運動スキルの閉鎖‐開放次元に着目して解明し,種目特性に応じた対処法を検討することであった。研究の結果,プレッシャー下では閉鎖スキルと開放ス
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キルの両方において意識的処理,注意散漫という注意の変化が示された。したがって,種目特性に関わらず,注意の対象を適切にコントロールする必要がある。また,両スキルにおいて運動の空間的大きさが減少することが示された。そして,開放スキルにおいては運動の正確性や効率性が低下することが示された。これらのことから,変化する環境への予測や対応を要するスキルの場合,環境情報の正確な知覚とそれに基づく適切な運動実行が求められるため,知覚・認知の混乱や身体の情動反応への対処が重要であると推察された。<br />The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of choking under pressure on sports, by focusing on the closed-open dimension of motor skills. Furthermore, coping methods were investigated on the basis of skills characteristics. The results indicated changes in attention under pressure for both closed and open skills. These included conscious processing and distraction. Therefore, it was considered necessary to control the object of attention appropriately, regardless of the characteristics of the motor skills. It was also indicated that the displacement of movements decreased for both skills and accuracy and efficiency declined for open skills. The above results suggest that coping with confused perceptions and cognitions, as well as with emotional responses is essential for skills that need estimating and coping with changes in the environment, because such skills need accurate perception of environmental information and appropriate execution of movements.<br />研究課題/領域番号:22700615, 研究期間(年度):2010 – 2012
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| 7.
図書 |
図書
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Takayuki Murayama
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