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論文
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田崎, 和江 ; 田崎, 史江 ; 奥野, 正幸 ; 竹原, 照明 ; 石垣, 靖人 ; 中川, 秀昭 ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Tazaki, Fumie ; Okuno, Masayuki ; Takehara, Teruki ; Ishigaki, Yasuhito ; Nakagawa, Hideki
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />イタリア・トスカーナ州南部のマレンマという地域には，イオウ臭が強くpH7，水温37°Cの棚田状のサトゥルニア天然温泉がある．本研究では，サトゥルニア天然温泉で産出される，豆石，褐色石灰岩および緑
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色バイオマットについて，化学組成，鉱物組成，微生物的特徴を調べた．全岩試料のXRD分析により，豆石は方解石，自然硫黄，石英から構成されており，褐色石灰岩は雲母，自然硫黄，菱沸石，7 Å粘土鉱物から構成されていることを明らかにした．また，全岩試料のXRF分析により，褐色石灰岩にはO，Si，Al，K，Ca，Fe，Naが多く，豆石にはC，O，Ca，Sr，Sが多いことを明らかにした．更に，豆石の断面をSEM-EDSで観察・分析・元素濃度分布図を行ったところ，全岩試料のXRDおよびXRF分析では検出されなかった微生物とSrを含むフランボイダル黄鉄鉱や燐灰石が発見された．<br />A well-known terrace-forming hot spring is located at Saturnia in the Maremma area of southern Toscana, Italy. The waters are circumneutral (pH around 7), mesophilic (around 37°C), and give off a strong sulfurous odor. Pisoliths, brown limestone, and green microbial mats are found in the area. Hot spring structures and compositions are determined based on mineralogical and chemical data obtained with a powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and an X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF). Microbial parameters are determined on sub-millimeter scales using a scanning electron microscope, equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS).XRD results indicate that the pisoliths are composed of calcite, native sulfur, and quartz, whereas the brown limestone contains mica, native sulfur, chabazite, and 7 Å clay minerals. XRF analysis indicates that the pisoliths contain mainly C, O, Ca, S, Si, and Sr, whereas the brown limestone contains high concentrations of O, S, Al, K, Ca, Fe, and Na. Because the pisoliths are Ca-rich, concentrations of heavy metals (Sr, Sn, and Pb) at the aqueous interface can be explained by combining XRF chemistry, XRD mineralogy, and SEM-EDS observations of green microbial mats. SEM-EDS elemental maps of the pisolith indicate the presence of apatite and framboidal pyrite crystals.
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| 2.
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脇元, 理恵 ; 田崎, 和江 ; 縄谷, 奈緒子 ; 池田, 頼正 ; 今井, 茂雄 ; 佐藤, 一博 ; 奥野, 正幸 ; Wakimoto, Rie ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Nawatani, Naoko ; Ikeda, Yorimasa ; Imai, Shigeo ; Sato, Kazuhiro ; Okuno, Masayuki
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />大島紬は使用する泥田の状態により,染色の仕上りが異なると言われている.本研究では,現在使用中の泥田,現在は使われていない旧泥田,来期使用のために一年間休閑中の泥田の泥について鉱物学的,微生物学的
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特徴を検討した.3つの泥田のEh,DOは,ともに休閑中の田で最も還元状態を示した.泥の中には石英,長石類の他に鉄酸化物や鉄に富むクロライト,バーミキュライト,雲母類粘土鉱物,カオリン鉱物などの粘土鉱物が確認された.一年休閑させている泥田の泥と現在使用中の泥田の泥の総Fe量はともに多く,鉄酸化物や粘土鉱物中に含まれている.一方,有機成分は,現在使用中の泥田で最も高く,この結果は光学顕微鏡観察および偏性嫌気性細菌培養により,多種多様の微生物が観察された事と一致する.また,偏性嫌気性細菌培養結果は,特に鉄還元細菌と考えられる球菌,桿菌が多いことを示した.泥により黒く染色された絹糸部分からは,Fe,S,Ca,Al,Si,P,K,Mnが検出され,これらの元素は,泥およびテーチ木起源と考えられる.よって,大島紬を独特の深い黒色に染色する泥田の条件として,泥田の水質が還元状態である事,染色に重要な鉄は二価鉄である事,泥中には鉄還元細菌をはじめとする多種多様の微生物が存在し,鉄を二価に変えている事があげられる.<br />"Dorozome" is one of the traditional dying methods with muddy clays in Amami-Ohshima Island, Kagoshima, Japan. The brilliant black color of dyed "Ohshima Tsumugi" derives from muddy clays in Dorota (small ponds with muddy clays). In this paper, muddy clays for dying were mineralogically, chemically and microbiologically characterized. The muddy clays consist of Fe-rich chlorite, vermiculite, mica clay minerals, kaolin minerals as well as a large amount of iron hydroxides associated with high P2O5, N, C and S contents in the muddy field. Principally, iron is a key element which constitutes not only crystalline/amorphous hydroxides iron minerals, but also clay minerals. After one year of using the muddy clays, the Eh and DO are significantly reduced in fallow field. Various microorganisms were observed in the muddy clays, such as coccus and bacillus typed bacteria and fungi. Anaerobic bacteria may contribute for reducing condition in the muddy field. The black parts of "Ohshima Tsumugi" contain high concentrations of S, Ca and Fe, whereas white parts without dye contain a small amount of such elements. The heavy metals are originated from both muddy clays and Rhaphiolepis umbellata. The results suggest that specific condition of iron hydroxides is an important factor for brilliant black dye under reducing condition.
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| 3.
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佐藤, 和也 ; 田崎, 和江 ; 奥野, 正幸 ; 久保, 博 ; Satoh, Kazuya ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Okuno, Masayuki ; Kubota, Hiroshi
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />長野県の松代温泉は,大量のほう素(B)を含む温泉としてよく知られている.その排水溝には茶褐色および黒色のバイオマットが形成されている.特に河川水と温泉排水が交わる部分には黒色のバイオマットが形成
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されている.いずれのバイオマット中にも多量のBが濃集しており,これによって,排水中のB濃度は,排出直後よりも4割程度減少する.これは,バイオマット中に生息するシアノバクテリアがカルサイトを作る時に,二酸化炭素のかわりに炭酸塩イオンを取り込むからである.その際に細胞周辺に局所的に高アルカリ環境を作り出し,温泉中のHBO2を電離させ,よりBを他の物質に結合しやすい状態にするためである.シアノバクテリアはカルサイトを作り出すことによって,Bを濃集させ,温泉水中のBを軽減する働きがある.<br />Matsushiro Hot springs in Nagano Prefecture, Japan is known as one of the hot springs in which the concentration of boron (B) is quite high. The hot spring water drainage ditch was covered with dark brown microbial mats. Before the drainage meets the river, the microbial mats deposit is more than 2m in depth. The microbial mats deposit has two layers. In the upper parts, dark brown microbial mats covered the surface. Underneath are black microbial mats which make up a portion of the two layer structure. At the junction of the drainage and river water, only black microbial mats occurred. The aim of this study was to reduce the boron concentration of the drainage water with microbial mats at Matsushiro Hot Springs. ASS analysis showed that microbial mats collected from five different points contain 854mg B/kg, 8628mg Fe/kg, 120mg As/kg, and 912mg Mg/kg on average. ED-XRF analysis showed that all microbial mats contained more than 50wt% of Ca. XRD analysis and FT-IR spectra of the microbial mats indicated the presence of calcite. Observations by optical and electron microscopy showed that cyanobacteria inhabited dark brown microbial mats, whereas cyanobacteria and diatoms inhabited in black mierobial mats. Cyanobacteria use an enzyme named carbonate anhydrase (CA). HCO3- dissolved in the hot spring water was broken down into CO2 and OH- by CA. That OH- made temporary alkaline conditions around the cyanobacteria. Such alkaline conditions facilitate the break down of HBO2 into H+ and BO2-. BO2- can form many chemical compounds. The concentration of boron described in this study might have profound implications for bioremediation of boron contaminated sites.
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| 4.
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田崎, 和江 ; 馬場, 奈緒子 ; 佐藤, 和也 ; 奥野, 正幸 ; 福士, 圭介 ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Baba, Naoko ; Satoh, Kazuya ; Okuno, Masayuki ; Fukushi, Keisuke
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />2007年3月25日9時41分にマグニチュード6.9の地震が石川県能登半島を襲った.その折,水道が断水し,住民は周囲の井戸水,湧き水,山水を生活水として使用した.その水は地震直後から白色,灰色,
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茶色に濁り,2-3日から2週間続いた.本研究は被害地の住民からの聞き取り調査,現地における水質検査,採水試料を実験室に持ち帰り,蛍光X線分析,イオンクロマト分析,走査型電子顕微鏡観察を行った.地震前は中性であった井戸水が地震後にpH5.4-5.9と酸性になり,かつ, SO4が非常に高くなり飲料不可となった.一方,中性であった温泉水がpH8とアルカリ性に変化し, NaCl含有量が高くなり,海水の浸入を示唆した.また,飲料水の6項目についての検査を行政に依頼したところ, 2箇所の水から基準以上の一般細菌と大腸菌が見つかり飲料不可となった.なお,この検査項目にはpHが含まれていないので,今後,災害時にはいち早く生活水についてpHや集落形成単位(CFU)を含めた水質検査が必要である.さらに,避難所における生活水はノロウィルスなどによる病気と直結しているため,行政による迅速な措置と指導が必要である.<br />The magnitude-6.9 Noto Hanto Earthquake struck at 9:41 a.m. 25th March 2007, off the north coast of Ishikawa Prefecture. The quake started under the ocean about 30 km southwest of Wajima, shaking up Ishikawa, Toyama and Niigata prefectures and cutting electricity and drinking water system to some 160,000 households, killing one person and damaging hundreds of houses. The quake also crippled public transportation, including Noto airport, and cut water to about 9,500 households. All residents, especially those who are near the hardest-hit area, are advised to use drinking water collected from spring, well and mountain natural water with extra caution, because the water got become muddy in white, gray, and brown color after the quake. Some of water changed to acidic pH 5.4-5.9 from neutral pH is not drinkable due to SO4. The legal standard of pH for drinking water is pH 5.8-8.6. The water contained 5-10 times of SO4 higher than standard concentration of SO4, but looking transparent after one week. The field measurements of water pH suggest that high SO4 contents are due to acidic drinking water, agreed with XRF, ion-chromatography, and SEM-EDX analyses. After 3 weeks, water pH 5.9 backed to the normal pH 6.5, but NO3, Ca and Mg contents were still higher than before the quake. We have ordered the government to work, toward securing the citizen's safety and take all possible measures of drinking water to rescue them. The health center office must take care of spring water, well, and mountain natural water to check pH as soon as possible associated with CPU (Colony Forming Unit) check.
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Arasuna, Akane ; Kigawa, Masahito ; Fujii, Shunsuke ; Endo, Takatsugu ; Takahashi, Kenji ; Okuno, Masayuki ; 荒砂, 茜 ; 髙橋, 憲司 ; 奥野, 正幸
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域自然システム<br />The nanostructure (atomic-scale structure) and water species in the body frame and spicules of the
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marine glass sponge, Euplectella aspergillum, collected from the sea floor around Cebu Island was characterized in detail by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, and X-ray diffraction method. The structural features of the nanostructure in the body frame and spicules were essentially similar to each other, although these were different from those of inorganic amorphous silica materials, such as silica gel and silica glass. In addition, the averaged short and medium range structures of the sponge may be similar to those of tridymite. The water content and water species included in the body frame and spicules were almost the same. More than half of the contained water was physisorbed water molecules, and the rest was attributed to Q3 and Q2 silanol groups. Most of the water species may be present at the surface and involved in hydrogen bonding.
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奥野, 正幸 ; Okuno, Masayuki
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奥野, 正幸 ; Okuno, Masayuki
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平成27年度、28年度、金沢大学資料館（以後資料館と記す）では、展示室における企画展、特別展に加えアウトリーチ展を開催してきた（文献1、2）。平成29年度も、同様に、計6回の展覧会を実施した。特に、平成29年9月30日・10月1日の2日にわ
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たって、金沢市で開催された「全国藩校サミット―金沢大会」（文献3）に合わせて、資料館では、特別展「加賀藩校扁額～明倫堂・経武館～」を開催した（文献4）。さらに、特別展に合わせて、特別講演会を開催した。また、この特別展に先立って、6月29日付けで「加賀藩校扁額」が、金沢市の有形文化財の指定を受けた。また、昨年度に続き、学外2機関との共同での展覧会を開催した。このほか、資料館紀要の発行や資料館だよりも刊行した。また、資料館のもう一つの大きな機能として、文書館としての機能も有しており、歴史文書等などのリファレンス活動も実施した。本稿では、平成29年度の資料館展示活動を中心に、その他の活動についても報告し、多様な資料館活動を紹介する。
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奥野, 正幸 ; Okuno, Masayuki
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Tazaki, Kazue ; Morikawa, Toshikazu ; Watanabe, Hiroaki ; Asada, Ryuji ; Okuno, Masayuki
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出版者照会後に全文公開<br />Microbial formation, Bio-imogolite, Fibrous network structure, Bacterial cell wall, Cohesion, Electron microscope
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Brandon, Keely ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Okuno, Masayuki
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出版者照会後に全文公開<br />A unique ecosystem composed of liverworts, diatoms, bacteria and argillaceous sediments is able to thri
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ve in spite of acidic, sulfur and heavy metal contaminated water below the abandoned Ogoya Copper Mine in Ishikawa, Japan. Sample analyses by optical microscope, ED-XRF, XRD, SEM, TEM and FE-TEM revealed that Fe and Cu were taken up by benthic organisms and sediments. Metal uptake and precipitation, including adsorption by clay minerals, improves the water quality for surrounding organisms. Liverworts shelter diatoms and bacteria, also trapping sediments and precipitates that would otherwise be washed away. Meanwhile bacteria are involved in metal accumulation and converting toxic aqueous metals to minerals. Liverworts displayed Cu and occasionally Fe and Zn content. Clay sediments were enriched in Fe and sometimes S, with traces of Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, and occasionally As, Br, Sr and Zr. Based on XRD analyses, chlorite, mica minerals, feldspar, quartz and chloritoid were predominant in the <2μm fraction of the river sediments, along with traces of the sulfate minerals melanterite, chalcanthite and despujolsite. Mine drainage has compromised the health of surrounding communities and damaged river ecosystems. Clarification and optimization of natural metal uptake processes and the fate of mine-related elements could hold keys to sustainable remediation methods for use in the Ogoya mine area.
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