※一部利用できない機能があります
| 1.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Persons or objects on signs seem to have a culturally preferred direction of facing (Kumakura, 1
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990). Is such a difference in direction also true of pictures on traffic signs between Japan and Germany? People in Japan and Germany drive on the left and the right side of the road, respectively. In this respect, a question arises: Does the difference between left-hand and right-hand traffic in these two countries influence the way the pictures on traffic signs face? The aim of this study is threefold: 1) to collect functionally equivalent traffic signs in Japan and Germany; 2) to compare the pictures on the signs between these countries with respect to their facing directions; and 3) to try to clarify whether and to what extent differences in facing directions are found on the traffic signs. The results are expected to contribute to the study of the relationship between writing directions and facing directions of pictures.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />This study focuses on functionally equivalent, but semantically different sign expressions in Ja
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panese and German, such as o-nori-no-sai-wa tesuri-ni o-tsukamarikudasai [Literally, “when steping on, please grip handrail”], kiiroi-sen-no uchigawani o-tachi-kudasai [please stand inside yellow line], oriru sai-wa o-oashimoto-ni gochūi-kudasai [“when getting off, please pay attention to under foot”], and o-ko-sama tsure-no kata-wa o-ko-sama-no te-o totte o-nori-kudasai [“person with child is asked to ride on taking child’s hand”] in Japanese versus its German counterpart Benutzung auf eigene Gefahr [“using at your own risk”], which are posted near escalators. This example tells us that the Japanese sign consists of four concrete sentences whereas the German one presents a simple and abstract sentence. Such correspondents cannot be adequately explained from only construal and politeness perspectives. In this study, such corresponding expressions in Japanese and German will be contrasted to find out what information is relevant to each society. The results will reveal what communicative behaviors are expected in corresponding situations between Japan and Germany, which can contribute to efficient intercultural communication.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />By comparing some functionally equivalent routine formulas in Japaneseand German in correspondin
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g situations, it is hypothesized that different strategies arereflected in formulation patterns of routine formulas in both languages. For example,different expressions are used by parents in Japanese and German if their childbumps into a post. The two expressions are often used in corresponding situations inboth Japan and Germany and can therefore be regarded as functionally equivalent,although the used strategies differ, i.e., the Japanese expression is based on sharing thedangerous situation between the parent and the child, whereas the German one focuseson providing an appropriate direction to the child. Comparing such functionallyequivalent routine formulas suggests that they reflect different strategies, includingpoliteness, in corresponding situations. This study tested this hypothesis by comparingfunctionally equivalent routine formulas uttered in corresponding apologetic situationsin the socialization process of controlling children’s social behavior in Japan andGermany. The results confirm the hypothesis and suggest that the difference in strategy influences the communicative behaviors of Japanese and German speakers. Concerning politeness, the results reveal the aspects considered polite in corresponding routineformulas of the two languages. Furthermore, the communicative normality of each language is also reflected in its respective routine formulas and focus of attention in interactions. This information may be applied toward more efficient foreign language teaching.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to compare functionally equivalent English, German, and Ja
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panese sign expressions in public spaces with respect to politeness and (2) to reveal whether and how politeness is formulated in sign expressions in each language in relation to explicitness. A total of 208 Japanese and 198 German sign expressions were collected through fieldwork. Among them, 35 functionally equivalent correspondence pairs between the two languages were confirmed, and they were compared, along with their English equivalents, with respect to politeness. The results showed that English signs tend to use explicit expressions, whereas Japanese signs frequently contain honorific items, and German signs use infinitive phrases to avoid mentioning personal relationships. Based on these findings, it is pointed out that each language has its preferred styles of politeness, even for sign expressions, which are expected to give relevant information or instructions to passengers in a clear, direct manner.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Interest in the linguistic study of perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulate
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d has been revived in the past 20 years, due to the recent development of cognitive linguistics. Among the many contributions to the study of such perspectives, Ikegami (2000) clearly showed that Japanese differs from English, through a comparison of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. However, there has been little discussion on the methods employed for comparison in the studies on this topic. The purpose of the present paper is threefold: (1) to describe what methodological problems are recognized in previous contrastive studies on the perspectives, especially in the field of cognitive linguistics; (2) in order to avoid methodological problems, to propose an alternative method for a more objective comparison of the perspectives between two languages; and (3) to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method for contrasting formulation patterns in terms of their perspective by some of the data obtained.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />The present paper discusses the different perspectives from which Japanese and German speakers f
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ormulate utterances. It was hypothesized that these different perspectives are reflected not only in evaluating concepts of communicative behavior, but also in routine formulas for controlling communicative behavior in Japanese and German. This hypothesis was examined by comparing two pairs of functionally equivalent routine formulas in Japanese and German. Furthermore, a questionnaire was administered to compare other Japanese and German routine formulas possibly used in corresponding situations. The results confirmed that in Japanese, linguistic formulation patterns relate to the empathy felt by the speaker toward an interlocutor, arising from the perspective of their situation, whereas in German, these tend to depend on an opposition between the participants involved, characterized by a perspective external to their situation. Because the data employed in the present study are limited, the hypothesis should be verified using extensive data. The results of this study helps clarify the possible misunderstandings between Japanese and German speakers, owing to the different linguistic formulation patterns employed, and could promote more efficient foreign language teaching.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Research on the perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulated has increased in t
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he past 20 years due to the development of cognitive linguistics. For example, Ikegami (2000) showed that Japanese and English speakers employ different perspectives by comparing the opening sentence of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. Similarly, Narita (2009) compared sentences from literary texts with their translations in Japanese and German. However, these studies analyzing literary text translations contain little discussion on the validity of the translation-based comparison method, particularly in terms of comparability and objectivity. This paper has three purposes: (1) to claim that the original and translation-based methods are not always appropriate for perspective studies; (2) to propose, as an alternative method, comparing functionally equivalent formulas used on public signs, i.e., Watch your step, Keep out, and Out of Service; and (3) to show how Japanese differs from German in the perspectives from which corresponding expressions in the two languages are formulated. Expressions were collected from signs on buses, trains, and railway stations in Japan and Germany. Examples include Haire-masen/Kein Eingang (‘No entrance’), Senro-ni orite-wa ike-masen/Ausstieg verboten (‘Do not go down to the railway track’), and ishitsubutsu-gakari/Fundbüro (‘Lost and found’). Functionally equivalent expressions were selected for the analysis. For example, a formula telling bus passengers that the bus will stop at the next station is Tsugi tomari-masu (next.TOP stop.HON) in Japanese and Wagen hält (vehicle.NOM stop.PRES) in German. These corresponding expressions can be compared syntactically and semantically. The former has no surface-level subject; it conveys that “I” and “we” or the bus will stop at the next station. The scene is described from the perspective inside the situation, i.e., from within the bus. The latter has a third-person subject, Wagen, signifying that the bus is observed from the perspective outside the situation. These different perspectives and their occurrence distributions are shown through the comparison of corresponding sign expressions. The analysis reveals that Japanese tends to formulate expressions from a perspective inside the scene where the event occurs, whereas German expresses sentences from the perspective outside the scene.<br />19th International Congress of Linguists(19 ICL), 21-27 July 2013 Geneva
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />異なる言語間の対応する言語表現を比較する場合，どのようにすればより客観的で妥当な比較が可能になるのかを考察する．従来，言語間の比較の際，とくに認知言語学分野では翻訳を利用する研究が多く見られた
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．しかしながら，翻訳を用いた比較は比較可能性という観点から問題がないわけではない．その問題点を確認し，それとは異なる新たな比較方法を提案し，それによる成果を紹介する．<br />The aim of this study is to consider the possibility of a more objective comparison of equivalent expressions of two languages. In comparing linguistic expressions of two languages, especially in cognitive linguistics, translations have been often used. However, comparisons using translations can be problematic. In this study, problems of translation-based comparison are discussed and a new method for a more objective linguistic comparison of two languages is proposed. Some results of the studies based on this method are also described as case studies.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; Arai, Kyoko ; 西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />[Editors] Makoto Kobayashi, Gisela Trommsdorff, Carola Hommerich<br />[Conference Paper] Proceed
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ings of the 13th Meeting of German-Japanese Society for Social Sciences, 8-10 October 2015, German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ), Tokyo
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
Second person assertives with verbs of thinking as predicates, such as You think that my paper will be accepted in an international journal. are hardly ever uttered to a conversation participant in everyday communication, apart from
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second person interrogatives like Do you think that my paper will be accepted in an international journal?, apparently because it is odd for the speaker to tell the interlocutor categorically what he or she thinks. However, such sentences can occasionally be observed in fictional conversations in Franz Kafka's works. The following is one example:"You think you have strength enough to come over here and that you're only hanging back of your own accord." (Franz Kafka: The Judgment) In such an utterance the speaker (the father) expresses verbally what he claims to see through or in the mind of his interlocutor (his son) in order to gain an advantage in their interpersonal relationship. Such an utterance can be called a "seeing-through utterance" (Nishijima 2005; 2015). Seeing-through utterances seem to be used in Kafka's works as interpersonal games in conversations between characters. Thus, it can be hypothesized that seeing-through utterances are used as wordplay in interpersonal games in order for the speakers to display certain of their attitudes to their interlocutors. The aim of the present paper is twofold: (a) to analyze some seeing-through utterances in several works of Franz Kafka, (b) to demonstrate that they are used as wordplay, i.e., a psychological trick to display the power of the speaker over the interlocutor. The analysis of seeing-through utterances can be expected to shed light on an unknown aspect of wordplay in the fictional conversations of Franz Kafka.
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学経済学部<br />従来のポライトネス(丁寧さ)の研究では、コミュニケーション行動制御常用句についてはほとんど扱われてこなかった。コミュニケーション行動制御常用句とは、聞き手の行動を当該社会で通用している行動規範に照らして否定的ある
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いは肯定的に評価し、その行動の修正あるいは促進を試みるメタ言語的定型表現のことである。たとえば、「人のことも考えなさい」は、そのような表現の一つである。これと等価なドイツ語表現は、"Denke doch auch mal an andere!"であろう。両表現は、たしかに機能、形態、意味の面で対応しているように見える。しかし、つぶさに比較すると違いが認められる。その違いの一つは、表現形成の際の「視点」にある。本稿では、日本語常用句に関わる視点の特徴を、対応するドイツ語常用句表現と対比することにより例示し、それによって今後の体系的な研究のための基礎を提示する。
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学経済学部
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西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学経済学部<br />In fiktionalen Texten sind die Gedanken oder inneren Welten der Figuren normalerweise in Form der ersten o
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der der dritten Person wiederzugeben. In Kafkas Texten aber gibt es Dialoge, wo die Gedanken, Erwartungen, Willen usw. eines Gesprachsteilnehmers von seinem Partner in Form der zweiten Person vorausgesagt werden and dadurch die Interaktionen zwischen den beiden in einer unerwarteten Richtung entwickelt werden. Bei solchen Dialogen handelt es sich urn einen kafkaesken Stil. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, anhand von einem Fragment Kafkas die Techniken des Stils herauszuarbeiten. Wenn z.B. der Satz (1) in Form der zweiten Person behauptet wird, dann ist er in der Regel ungrammatisch. Wenn er aber in der Frageform wie in (2) geaul3ert wird, dann ist er grammatisch: (1) Du erwartest, dass ich morgen komme. (2) Du erwartest, dass ich morgen komme? Die innere Welt eines Menschen kann namlich von einem Anderen gefragt werden, aber nicht behauptet werden, ausser von dem Erzahler in einem fiktionalen Text. In dem Dialogenfragment Kafkas findet man aber nicht nur Satze wie (2), sondern auch Satze wie (1). Solche Satze beinhalten Ausdrucke wie "willst", "erwartest" und "sagst du dir", die normalerweise benutzt werden, um die innere Welt eines Menschen darzustellen. Im Text beginnt ein Gesprachsteilnehmer A mit der Frage danach, ob sein Partner B ,Flote" spielen will. Darauf antwortet B zuerst negativ and sagt aber dann, er will aufgrund der Erwartung von A Flote spielen, dass B es tut. Durch die Erwahnung von A's Erwartung wird das Thema geandert: von der Frage, ob B Elote" spielen will oder nicht, zu der Frage, ob A erwartet oder nicht, dass B ,Fl6te" spielt. Diese Abfolge ist in zweierlei Grunden seltsam, erstens well die Gedanken eines Gesprachs-teilnehmers gegen grammatische Konventionen von seinem Partner behauptet werden and zweitens weil der erste schlieBlich bestatigt, was sein Partner fiber seine Gedanken gesagt hat. Diese Interaktionsabfolge kann als ein kafkaesker Dialog gelten, was an anderen Texten Kafkas wie z.B. Das Urteil gepruft werden soil.
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学経済学部
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南, 相瓔 ; 西嶋, 義憲 ; 斉木, 麻利子
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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[第106回大会 研究フォーラム報告]人称の表現と文体 の一部
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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西嶋, 義憲 ; 陶, 琳 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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| 37.
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陶, 琳 ; 西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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陶, 琳 ; 尹, 秀美 ; 西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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| 42.
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西嶋, 義憲
概要:
『Herausforderungen der Sprachenvielfalt in der Europäischen Union』の一部
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西嶋, 義憲
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『Socio-cultural transformation in the 21st century? Risks and challenges of social changes』の一部
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図書
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西嶋, 義憲
概要:
『地域統合と人的移動 : ヨーロッパと東アジアの歴史・現状・展望』の一部
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45. Omoiyari no aru and Rücksichtsvoll : A Contrastive Analysis of Evaluating Communicative Behavior
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学経済学部<br />FACULTY OF LETTERS, KANAZAWA UNIVERSITY
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学文学部<br />FACULTY OF LETTERS, KANAZAWA UNIVERSITY
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| 68.
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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| 69.
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西嶋, 義憲
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金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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西嶋, 義憲
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| 71.
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西嶋, 義憲
概要:
地域統合と人的移動 : ヨーロッパと東アジアの歴史・現状・展望 (金沢大学重点研究)の一部, 第I部 ヨーロッパ 第5章
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西嶋, 義憲
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| 76.
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| 77.
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西嶋, 義憲
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| 78.
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西嶋, 義憲
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| 79.
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西嶋, 義憲
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| 80.
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| 81.
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| 82.
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| 83.
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西嶋, 義憲
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| 84.
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西嶋, 義憲
概要:
全文(カフカと通常性：作品内対話における日常的言語相互行為の「歪み」 ／ 西嶋義憲 [著])
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| 85.
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陶, 琳 ; 尹, 秀美 ; 西嶋, 義憲
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| 86.
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論文
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />対応する日本語表現とドイツ語表現との間に表現視点(視座)の違いがあること指摘されるが、それを例証するために文芸作品の原文とその翻訳を比較するという方法がとられることが多い。しかし、比較の際、翻
…
訳を用いると、たしかに同一事態を表わす表現どうしを対比させることができるが、起点言語の表現方法による影響や訳者による個人差を排除できないという点で問題がないとはいえない。本研究においては、対応する日常的な社会化場面において使用される同一機能を果たすコミュニケーション行動制御慣用表現を利用することにより、表現視点の違いをより客観的な形式で比較し、その差を明らかにした。<br />In general, it is claimed that there is a difference in perspective between corresponding Japanese and German sentences. The data employed in such a comparison are often cited from a literary text and its translation. Therefore, they have methodological problems because translation is done individually and subjectively. In the present study, Japanese and German sentences were compared in more objective manner by using routine formulas which are used in corresponding situations in socialization processes between Japanese and German society.<br />研究課題/領域番号:20520378, 研究期間(年度):2008 – 2010
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| 87.
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論文
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />本研究の目的は、第一に、日本とドイツの公共空間にある機能的に等価なサイン表現（看板などに印字されている言語表現）を収集し、第二に、そのサイン表現を対人配慮（ポライトネス）に関して比較し、対人配
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慮が各言語に現れているのか、現れているとすれば、どのように具現化されているのかを明らかにすることにある。対応するサイン表現を分析した結果、明確で直接的な情報提供が期待されるサイン表現においてさえ、日独両言語とも、それぞれの好ましい対人配慮の表現方法があることが明らかになった。<br />The aim of this research is (1) to collect functionally equivalent sign expressions in public spaces in Japanese and German, and (2) to compare them with respect to politeness to reveal whether and how politeness is formulated in sign expressions in each language in relation to explicitness. Based on the findings, it is pointed out that each language has its preferred styles of politeness, even for sign expressions, which are expected to give relevant information or instructions to passengers in a clear, direct manner.<br />研究課題/領域番号:26370481, 研究期間(年度):2014-04-01 - 2018-03-31
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| 88.
論文 |
論文
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
概要:
言語表現の日独対照研究では、対応する表現に視点（視座）の違いが認められると指摘されることがある。本研究は看板・標識・ステッカーなどに印刷されている定型的な表現を収集し、対応する日独表現を対比した。その結果、これらの機能的に等価な表現において
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も、視点の違いが確認できた。しかしながら、異なる視点をもった表現が出現する比率は、標識が約28％、看板が約23％であった。この結果は、従来の研究が明示してこなかった数値であるが、予想外に低い値であるように見える。この理由としては、調査対象が公共空間において機能的かつ意味的に対応する標識と看板における定型的な表現に限定されていたためと推測される。<br />Research on the perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulated showed that Japanese and German employ different perspectives. The main purpose of this study is to show how and to what extent Japanese differs from German in the perspectives from which corresponding expressions are formulated by comparing functionally equivalent conventional expressions (sign expressions in public places and linguistic expressions for traffic signs) in Japanese and German. These corresponding expressions were compared mainly with respect to perspectives from which they are formulated. The comparison showed different perspectives. However, the analysis reveals that the percentages of difference are about 28% and 23 % in the comparison of sign expressions and traffic signs written in Japanese and German, respectively.<br />研究課題/領域番号:23520501, 研究期間(年度):2011-2013
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| 89.
その他 |
その他
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系
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| 90.
その他 |
その他
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西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />原稿を準備中
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