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Demura, Shinichi
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yoshimura, Yoshinobu ; Tada, Nobuhiko ; Yabe, Toshimasa
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Demura, Shinichi
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Demura, Shinichi
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Demura, Shinichi
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, S. ; Noguchi, T. ; Nakata, Y.
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />This study estimated the area of visceral fat at the L4-L5 level (VFAL4-5) measured by computed tomogr
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aphy (CT) from anthropometric and segmental percent fat variables. Subjects were 73 adults (50 men and 23 women) aged 24-78 years. Cross-validation was permormed with another 38 adults (25 men and 13 women) aged 21-80 years. The anthropometric variables examined were height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, sagittal diameter, and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) at 14 sites. SFT and segmental percent fat were measured by ultrasonography and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively. A combination of suitable predictors of VFAL4-5 was derived by stepwise multiple regression analysis using these variables. A prediction equation was obtained that used seven predictors: sagittal diameter, waist circumference, three subcutaneous thickness variables (subscapula, chest 1 and abdomen), and segmental percent fat at the trunk and left leg (R=0.902, R2 =0.813, SEE=17.5 cm2). In a Bland-Altman procedure, systematic error was not found in the original group but was only found in women in the cross-validation group. The percentage of the SEE of the prediction equation for the mean VFAL4-5 value was 22.5% in the original group and 20.1% in the cross-validation group. Furthermore, the percentages of SD values of the error for the mean VFAL4-5 value were 21.1% in the original group and 22.2% in the cross-validation group. These values were comparable or superior to those in previous studies. This study provides a useful prediction equation for VFAL4-5 from anthropometry and segmental body composition variables. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the visceral fat area at the umbilica
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l level (VFA(L4-5)) in Japanese adults, using internal fat mass (IFM) estimated from a few anthropometric variables. METHODS: Subjects were 112 adults aged from 25 to 82 years (body mass index (BMI)=24.2+/-3.1 kg/m(2), ranged from 15.7 to 31.2 kg/m(2)). Another 60 adults aged from 21 to 71 years were recruited for the crossvalidation group (BMI=24.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2), ranged from 17.1 to 34.6 kg/m(2)). We examined (1) the prediction of IFM based on a small number of skinfold thicknesses; (2) the prediction of VFA(L4-5) using IFM and (3) the application of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement. VFA(L4-5) was measured by computed tomography (reference value). Total fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and single-frequency BIA with 8-point tactile electrodes. RESULTS: Three skinfolds at the abdomen, side chest and suprailiac were selected to estimate IFM. From IFM estimated using these three skinfolds, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sex and age, about 75% of the variance of VFA(L4-5) could be explained (Eq(VFA)1: R=863, R(2)=0.745, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=20.483 cm(2)). When substituting IFM based on BIA measurement (IFM(BIA)) into Eq(VFA)1, there were no significant mean differences from the reference in both equations, and high correlations were found (r=0.860, s.e.e.=20.902 cm(2)), although a significant mean difference in total fat mass was found between DXA and BIA measurements. The prediction equation using IFM(BIA) (Eq(VFA)2) could have prediction accuracy comparable with that of Eq(VFA)1 (Eq(VFA)2: R=879, R(2)=0.773, s.e.e.=20.324 cm(2)). Furthermore, when applying these equations to the crossvalidation group, there were cross-validity in both equations. CONCLUSION: This study proposed a prediction equation for VFA(L4-5) from WHR and IFM based on three skinfolds, and the validity of BIA measurement in Japanese adults. We can propose the procedure for a field setting.
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Yokoya, Tomohisa ; Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the fall risk characteristics of the elderly participatin
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g in an exercise class. The subjects were comprised of 206 elderly Japanese aged 60 or older (37 males, 169 females) who participated in an exercise class, approved by the local government, once a week for 6 months. Physical fitness and ADL capability were evaluated by the physical fitness test of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Fall risk was evaluated using the Fall Assessment Chart. Subjects were divided into two groups, high fall risk (total fall risk score ≥5) and low fall risk (total fall risk score <5), and the percentage of subjects in the high risk group was calculated. The percentage of subjects with a high fall risk was 15.8%, lower than the documented rate of the community-dwelling elderly in a previous study. Significant differences between fall risk groups were found in balance and ADL capabilities of walking, holding and changing posture and muscular strength. These functions also were significantly related to fall risk elements such as fall anxiety and slipping or stumbling at home in the partial correlation analyses. Improvement of these functions during exercise class may be useful in decreasing fall risk in the elderly.
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Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Demura, Shinichi
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金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />秋田県立大学 総合科学教育研究センター<br />Vision contributes to upright postural control by providing afferent feed
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back to the cerebellum. Vision is generally classified into central and peripheral vision. In measurements of postural sway, in which participants are required to maintain a stable upright posture while fixating on a visual target, non-retinal eye positional information due to the fixation is used as well as the retinal information from both visual fields. However, little is known about the role of non-visual eye positional information in postural control. This study examined the role of non-visual eye position information in upright postural control by comparing participants' centre of pressure (COP) sway between two experimental conditions: (1) a space-fixed visual target condition (control), in which eye movement was not controlled, and (2) a head-fixed visual target condition (treatment), in which eye movement was inhibited. Using 12 university students, COP sway and electrooculograms (EOG) were measured under both conditions. In the space-fixed condition, participants maintain an upright posture while fixating on a visual target fixed on a screen 1 m in front of them. In the head-fixed condition, participants maintained an upright posture while gazing at a target moving in sync with their head sway on the screen. The COP was evaluated by path length, area, root mean square, velocity and position. Eye movements were evaluated by the mean eye movement angle. The mean eye movement angle was significantly larger in the vertical direction then in the horizontal direction in both experimental conditions and was also found to be larger in the space-fixed condition than in the head-fixed condition. No significant different was found in any COP parameter between both conditions. It was suggested that non-visual eye position information from the external eye muscles to the sensory perception system contributes little to postural stabilisation under the measurement conditions used in this study. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2009.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Seiza is one of the most commonly used sitting postures in various enrichment lessons of Japanese
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origin. It is reported that Seiza with large knee flexion produces harmful effects on the cartilage of knee joints and hemodynamics of the lower legs. This study aimed at examining the influence of Seiza on tissue oxygenation kinetics of the lower limbs, plantar somatic and cutaneous sensation, and the center of foot pressure (COP) sway using 10 young adults. COP sway was measured for 1 min just after sitting on a chair for 10 min (pre-test), after 30-min Seiza (post-test 1), and 5 min after Seiza (post-test 2). To evaluate the COP sway, we used 4 body sway factors;unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3) and high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). Physiological parameters (i. e., tissue oxygenation kinetics in the lower legs and sensation on the sole) were measured during 30-min Seiza (continuously on tissue oxygenation, and at 1 min intervals on sensation), and for 1 min just before each COP test (pre-test, post-test 1 and 2). Oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/Mb) concentration decreased markedly and deoxygenated Hb/Mb concentration increased markedly, resulting in reaching a plateau state at around 7 min. Tissue Hb/Mb index changed little during Seiza. Proprioceptive perception thresholds increased rapidly about 17 min after Starting Seiza. Means of 3 COP sway factors of F1, F2 and F4 were significantly higher in post-test 1 than in pre-test and post-test 2. In conclusion, a marked decrease in tissue oxygen concentration of the lower legs within 4-5 min, and an increase of proprioceptive perception thresholds in the sole at about 17 min are induced by Seiza. Although wiggle and quick body sway in the antero-posterior axis increases markedly in an upright posture just after maintaining Seiza for 30 min, sway recovers after sitting on a chair for 5 min.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />京都薬科大学 基礎科学系 健康科学分野<br />This study aimed to examine the age and sex differences in controlled for
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ce exertion measured by the bar chart display in 207 males (age 42.1 ± 19.8 years) and 249 females (age 41.7 ± 19.1 years) aged 15 to 86 years. The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, which appeared as a moving bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test using the dominant hand three times with 1-min intervals (one trial was 40 sec) after one practice trial. A total of the differences between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 sec was used as the evaluation parameter. The errors in controlled force exertion showed a right-skewed distribution in both sexes but showed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation (males, W =.06; females, W =.74; p >.05). In addition, the errors in controlled force exertion tended to increase constantly with age in both sexes. Significant linear regressions were identified (r2males =.88, r2females =.81), but there was no significant difference in the increase rate of both sexes. The results of the analysis of variance and multiple comparisons showed insignificant sex differences among means, except for those in individuals older than 70 years; significant differences between means in the older than 40-year-old age group and the 20-year-old age group were found in both sexes. Individual differences were almost the same in both sexes (CVmales = 20.0∼34.8, CVfemales = 17.7∼36.2). Errors in controlled force exertion showed a nonsignificant sex difference and increased gradually with age in both sexes but increased remarkably with age after 40 years of age. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study determined the physical fitness component that contributes to improving and maintaining
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health status for each age group as well as quantifying the degree of the relationship between health status and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly females. The participants were 2,371 females aged 30 to 69 years. Ten physical fitness tests and medical checkups were performed. The participants were divided into a healthy group and an unhealthy group according to health status. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the multivariate data. Correct discriminant probabilities of the multiple discriminant function to discriminate the healthy and unhealthy groups for females ranged from 63.0% to 77.5%. These results suggest that there is a relatively high relationship between health status and physical fitness level for middle-aged and elderly females. With each individual's discriminant score calculated by the obtained multiple discriminant function as the index of the degree of health, the Pearson's correlation coefficient of the discriminant score and the performance in each physical fitness test were calculated. The aging change from 30 to 69 years old was classified into four patterns according to the contribution. The result of this study is considered to be useful as objective data to prepare an exercise program considering the contribution of the physical fitness component of health status.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi
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金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Dynamic balance ability related to maintaining postural stability during movement is closely tied
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to fall risk in the elderly. The functional reach (FR) test has been developed to evaluate their dynamic balance. Although a simple and new FR test using an elastic stick has been proposed by modifying the above original FR test, the abilities related to both FR tests are judged to differ because of the large difference in the testing method. This study aimed to compare center of gravity fluctuation, muscle activity and functional reach distance as measured by the original FR test and the elastic stick FR test. First, reach distance, back/forth and right/left moving distance of the center of gravity, and activity of the lower leg muscles (soleus and tibialis anterior) were compared between both tests based on data obtained from 30 young male adults. All parameters except for the right/left moving distance were significantly larger in the elastic stick FR test. Next, the reach distance was examined in both FR tests using 53 elderly subjects; it was significantly longer in the elastic stick FR test, but showed no significant sex difference. The reach distance in both tests was significantly shorter (about 7 cm) in the elderly than in young adults. In conclusion, the elastic stick FR test involves greater leg muscle strength exertion and forward transferring of the center of gravity as compared with the original FR test. Because the elastic stick FR test relates largely to leg muscle function and equilibrium function, it may be more useful for evaluating the dynamic balance ability of the elderly. © 2007 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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Fujii, Katsunori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as an index of obesity in people from the school age children
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to adults. However, the relationship between the change in BMI with age and the coming of menarche has not been discussed as there are few reports on the changes in BMI with age. In this study, the change in BMI with age was examined by applying the wavelet interpolation method (WIM), and a critical period for body fat in terms of the coming of menarche was estimated from the growth velocity. We investigated delayed menarche according to the influence of stress in athletes by comparing delayed menarche between athletes and non-athletes in relation to the critical period. Data were obtained from 144 female athletes in their first year at university in the Tokai area, all of whom had competed in a national sports competition in high school (athlete group). Health examination records showing these subjects' heights and weights from the first grade of elementary school to the final year of high school (1984-1995) were collected and BMI was calculated for each grade. Ages at menarche were ascertained from questionnaires. A control group of 73 non-athletes was similarly examined. The age at maximum peak velocity (MPV) derived from the growth (aging) distance curve of BMI was determined in the control group to be 11.96±0.97 years old. This age at MPV of BMI was almost the same as the age at menarche (12.11±0.93 years old). Therefore, this age at MPV of BMI is estimated to be the critical period of body fat for the coming of menarche. The interval between the age at MPV of BMI and age at menarche was 0.74±1.30 years in the athlete group and 0.15±0.81 years in the control group, so there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the two groups. It is suggested that the delayed menarche in athletes is influenced by the stress of regular sports training.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to clarify the kinetics of muscle oxygenation (Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb) b
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y near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in the decreasing force phase, especially the pre- and post-phases of the inflection point, in sustained maximal static gripping (SSG), and to examine the relationship between kinetics of muscle oxygenation and force-decreasing parameters. The experiment was conducted on 20 male subjects aged 15-18 years. The time at the lowest Oxy-Hb value (20.5±5.5s) significantly correlated with the decreasing times of forces of 40, 60 and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and the rate of decreasing force for 0-1 min (r=.60, .53, .49, and -.63 respectively). These parameters reflect the decreasing force based on the oxygenation deficiency into the muscle with the obstruction of the blood flow. The time of reaching the highest Deoxy-Hb value (46.8±15.Os) and the regression coefficient in the Deoxy-Hb decreasing phase correlated significantly with the decrement for 1-2 min. This parameter evaluates the phase where resumption of the blood flow began, and Deoxy-Hb in the tissue was eliminated. The inflection point of the gripping force is related to the time at the highest Deoxy-Hb, and reflects the beginning and the resumption of the blood flow. The decrement for 2-3 min and the regression coefficient of post-inflection point evaluate the steady state phase of force decreasing, in which oxygen is sufficiently supplied to active muscles. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 23 (2) : 41-47, 2004 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jpa.
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Noguchi, Takanori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the practice effect and what difference it makes in the p
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ursuit rotor test for the dominant and non-dominant hands in 30 right-handed Japanese male adults aged 18 to 23 years (Age 20.8±1.4yrs). The subjects performed the pursuit rotor test for 1min in 20 trials with a 1-min interval alternately using the dominant and non-dominant hands. After continuing for 10 trials, a 5-min rest was taken. The measurement order was randomly assigned. Contact time of a steel pen and a target was measured in units of 1/10sec. The measurements showed a constant increasing tendency at every trial until the 6th trial in both hands. Significant linear regressions were identified, but the increase-rate of the dominant hand was significantly larger. Individual differences showed a decreasing tendency at every trial in the dominant hand, but in the non-dominant hand it increased until the 4th trial then decreased. The relationships between measurements of the 1st and 10th trial in both hands and both hands in the 1st or 10th trial were not high. The performance of the pursuit rotor test improves at every trial in both hands, but the improvement rate decreases after the 7th trial. The improvement rate of the dominant hand is high. The change in individual differences differs in both hands and the relationship between the measurements is not high. It can be judged that the practice effect of the pursuit rotor test differs in the dominant and non-dominant hands.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sohee, Shin ; Yamaji, Shunsuke
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the relationships among various stepping parameters, sex, and age in t
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he elderly. Healthy elderly Japanese individuals 60-85 years old (50 males and 61 females) performed 4 types of stepping motions for 20 s. Stepping motions included bilateral stepping (back/forth and right/left) and unilateral stepping (back/forth and right/left). The number of steps, the average connecting time of a foot during one step, and the average time of both feet touching the floor at the same time (bilateral connecting time) were measured with a foot switch sheet. The trial-to-trial reliability was very high (above 0.86) except for the bilateral connecting time in the bilateral stepping back/forth test for 70-85 year olds (males: 0.67, females: 0.68). With age, the number of steps was significantly smaller, and the average connecting time and the bilateral connecting time were shorter in all stepping tests. There were significant sex differences in bilateral connecting time for bilateral stepping right and left and the number of steps for the bilateral stepping back and forth and the unilateral stepping right and left tests. The number of steps and average connecting time showed high correlations between bilateral stepping right/left and back/forth (r=0.71-0.94) and between unilateral stepping back/forth and right/left (r=0.87-0.99). There were significant correlations of the average connecting time between bilateral and unilateral stepping motions (r=0.51-0.83), but both stepping motions are considered to have different motion properties from the viewpoint of center of gravity sway. The correlations between the bilateral connecting time and the number of steps in bilateral stepping were relatively low (males: |r|<0.70, females: |r|<0.57). The bilateral connecting time was near 0 s in many males; thus, it may depend greatly on individual or sex differences in stepping strategy. These results suggest that the stepping motions used in this study can evaluate dynamic balance ability, and that the unilateral test may be useful for the elderly who cannot walk independently with ease.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Kimura, Akimitsu ; Matsuzawa, Jinzaburo
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to compare body sway characteristics of the healthy elderly and the disordered el
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derly. The subjects were 38 healthy elderly and 24 disordered elderly with disequilibrium. The latter consisted of two groups : 12 elderly with vestibular organ or central nervous systems disorder (central nervous disorders), and 12 elderly with disorder in other systems (other disorders). The measurement device can calculate the center of foot pressure (CFP) of vertical loads from the values of three vertical load sensors, which are located at the corners of an isosceles triangle on a level surface. The data sampling frequency was 20Hz. Four body sway factors with high reliability (unit time sway, frontback sway, left-right sway, and high frequency band power) were used to evaluate body sway. As compared with healthy people, central nervous disorders had larger unit time sway, high frequency band power, and left-right sway factors. Other disorders were larger in unit time sway and high frequency band power factors. Central nervous disorders, as compared with other disorders, had larger unit time sway and left-right sway factors. Disorders produced large and fast sway, and central nervous disorders in particular showed a marked sway in the left-right direction. The existence of disease influenced body sway more than decline in various functions related to posture control with aging, because even with the same elderly, disorders showed a larger body sway.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Komatsu, Miho ; Morishita, Koji
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Fukui National College of Technology<br />Objectives:L-ornithine has an important role in ammonia
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metabolism via the urea cycle. This study aimed to examine the effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on performance during incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercise and ammonia metabolism during and after exercise.Subjects/Methods:In all, 14 healthy young adults (age: 22.2±1.0 years, height: 173.5±4.6 cm, body mass: 72.512.5 kg) who trained regularly conducted incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercises after-ornithine hydrochloride supplementation (0.1 g/kg, body mass) and placebo conditions with a cross-over design. The exercise time (sec) of the incremental ergometer exercise, exercise intensity at exhaustion (watt), maximal oxygen uptake (ml per kg per min), maximal heart rate (beats per min) and the following serum parameters were measured before ingestion, 1 h after ingestion, just after exhaustion and 15 min after exhaustion: ornithine, ammonia, urea, lactic acid and glutamate. All indices on maximal aerobic capacity showed insignificant differences between both the conditions.Results:Plasma ammonia concentrations just after exhaustion and at 15 min after exhaustion were significantly more with ornithine ingestion than with placebo. Plasma glutamate concentrations were significantly higher after exhaustion with ornithine ingestion than with placebo.Conclusions:It was suggested that, although the ingestion of L-ornithine hydrochloride before the exercise cannot be expected to improve performance, it does increase the ability to buffer ammonia, both during and after exercise. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />Demura, S and Miyaguchi, K. Evaluation of muscle power exerted by explosive gripping.
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J Strength Cond Res 23(2): 465-471, 2009-To establish the evaluation method for muscle power exerted by explosive gripping, this study aimed to examine the reliability of parameters and the muscle power output properties in both genders. Fifteen young men and 15 women participated in this study. Each subject carried out explosive grip tests twice using a simple muscle power measurement device (weight loading method), each time with 20, 30, 40, and 50% loads of maximum grip strength (MGS) by isometric contraction. Peak power was drawn from the product of the measured peak velocity and relative loads. The reliability of each parameter in all loads was good (interclass correlation coefficient <0.75) for both genders. The MGS showed insignificant correlation with all parameters. Peak power values were larger in men than in women for all loads, and the women's values were 44.5-52.2% of the men's. A large gender difference was found for 20% MGS. In conclusion, the reliability of muscle power parameters measured by the measurement device in this study is high. It was judged that the device used in this study can properly evaluate the gender difference in muscle power output properties by explosive gripping. © 2009 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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Fujii, Katsunori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Matsuzawa, Jinzaburo
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The Wavelet Interpolation Method (WIM) was applied to the longitudinal records of individuals' hei
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ghts and weights from 6 to 17 years of age (1983 to 1994) in an athlete group (male: 45, female: 50) and a control group (male: 85, female: 85). The criterion of maturity was derived from age at Maximum Peak Velocity (MPV) of height in the control group. Ages at MPV of height and weight were compared between the athletes and control subjects. The WIM was also applied to mean heights from 6.5 to 17.5 years of all the subjects classified by maturation rate in order to derive a model of growth velocity types. Among the athletes, the males were early-maturing and the females tended to be late-maturing. The difference between the ages at MPV of height and weight in males and females was less in the athletes group than in the control group. For the growth velocity model, in the athlete group, three types could be confirmed among the males, and five among the females. By making use of the type models, it was possible to clarify the spans of adolescence as classified by maturation rates, and it was concluded that the period following the age at MPV seems appropriate for the introduction of regular athletic training for each level of maturity.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kobayashi, Hidetsugu ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to construct QOL models for the elderly that included ikigai as a co
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mposition factor and to clarify differences in two kinds of models, one constructed for the elderly with habitual exercise and the other for those without it. The subjects were 1,566 healthy community-dwelling independent people aged 60 years or more (752 males, 814 females). First, the ratio of subjects with ikigai was calculated. The ratios of subjects with different kinds of objects of ikigai were also calculated. Next, structural equation models (SEM) were constructed on the basis of social, physical, and mental QOL and ikigai. Fits of the models were evaluated. To examine whether the presence or absence of habitual exercise caused any difference in the QOL model, subjects were divided into 4 groups according to whether they were male or female and whether they had or did not have an exercise habit. Multipopulation group simultaneous analysis was then performed among the four groups. More than 85% of the subjects had objects of ikigai. Ikigai is an important factor for comprehending the QOL of the elderly. It was possible to construct QOL models for the elderly with ikigai as a composition factor. The effect of physical QOL on mental QOL was negligible in females irrespective of whether they had an exercise habit. The effect of social QOL on mental QOL was profound in aged females with an exercise habit. The effect of the living situation on mental QOL was profound in aged females without an exercise habit. The effect of mental QOL on ikigai was more marked in subjects without an exercise habit than in those with an exercise habit.
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Nakada, Masakatsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Minami, Masaki ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinetics of muscle oxygenation by near infrared spect
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roscopy (NIRS) in the phase of the decreasing force, especially the pre-and post-phases of the inflection point, during repeated rhythmic grip (RRG) of 30 grips/min^<-1> for 6 minutes. The inflection point was the time at which the decreasing speed of the grip force changed markedly. It was calculated statistically from two regression lines fitted to each decreasing phase by applying a two-phase regression model. Ten healthy males performed the RRG for 6 minutes. Total Hb and Oxy-Hb decreased rapidly about 10 sec (7.0±5.9 sec, 9.8±5.4 sec, respectively) corresponding to the value decreasing by 90% MVC after the onset of gripping. Deoxy-Hb was maintained at a high value for 76.2±27.9 sec, corresponding to the value decreasing by 70-80% MVC. These phases are considered to be the states where oxygen was not satisfactorily supplied to the active muscles because of the obstruction of blood flow caused by an increase in the intra-muscular pressure. Deoxy-Hb decreased for 120±21.3 sec after reaching the highest value, and then reached an almost steady state at a higher level than the rest. After this phase, muscle oxygenation kinetics enters the state where oxygen is satisfactorily supplied to active muscles. We considered that the relationship between oxygen supply and demand differs during the initial and the latter phases in RRG. The changing phase in the decreasing speed of the grip force, namely the inflection point of the decreasing force, significantly correlated with the changing phase of the Oxy-Hb and Deoxy-Hb kinetics. The inflection point of the decreasing force seems to correspond to the phase where oxygen supply cannot meet oxygen demand and the increase of Deoxy-Hb. We infer that the pre- and post-phases of the inflection point depend on different physiological factors.
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| 24.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Hamazaki, Hiroshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Objectives: This study aimed to examine age group and individual differences in the controlled for
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ce exertion test by quasi-random display and to propose a provisional norm in 207 males who were right-handed and aged 15-86 years. Methods: The subjects matched exertion values of their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, appearing as a quasi-random wave on the display of a personal computer. The quasi-random waveform was changed in π with amplitude and in π/2 with frequency (peak and mean frequency were 0.1 Hz in both waveforms). The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test three times at 1-min intervals (single trials were 40 s) after one practice trial using the dominant hand. The total of the differences (%) between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 s was used as an evaluation parameter. Results: The measurements showed a right-skewed distribution, which was normal after logarithmic transformation. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among means of each age group and test performance decreased after 40 years of age. Norms for each age group were established. Conclusions: An individual's controlled force exertion by the provisional norm devised in this study can be properly evaluated. © 2009 Springer-Verlag Italia.
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| 25.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Shin, Sohee
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Aim: This study aimed to examine sex and age differences of various stepping movements in the elde
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rly and to clarify useful stepping movements for evaluation of their dynamic balance. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-six healthy elderly subjects who could walk independently (male mean age = 71.2 ± 7.1 years; female mean age = 71.5 ± 6.0) performed the following stepping tests: back and forth; up and down with a 5 cm tall step; and in-place stepping matching three tempos (44, 66 and 132 b.p.m.). Step number, single and double support times in the former two stepping tests, and time difference between metronome sound and grounding time in the latter tempo stepping tests were selected as evaluation parameters. Results: An insignificant sex difference was found in all parameters. Hence, the data of men and women was pooled to examine age differences. Significant age differences were found in the step number and double support time of back and forth and up and down stepping tests and in the time difference of three tempo stepping tests. The step number in younger age groups and the support times in older age groups tended to be larger. Conclusion: No sex difference was found in evaluation parameters of all stepping tests, and all parameters tended to be superior in the younger elderly. The elderly experienced more difficulty matching slow tempos than fast tempos in the in-place stepping test. The back and forth, up and down and in-place matching tempo stepping tests may be useful for evaluating dynamic balance ability of the elderly. © 2008 Japan Geriatrics Society.
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| 26.
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Sugiura, Hiroki ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to examine the differences in the ability to perform various activities of daily living (ADLs) among gr
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oups with various knee problems. The participants consisted of 328 elderly females (age 60-94; mean age 76.1 years; standard deviation 6.2). The subjects were classified into three groups: those without knee pain, those with mild knee pain, and those with severe knee pain. ADLs with markedly higher (>97%) and lower (<38%) achievement rates in the group without knee pain were not significantly different among the three groups. Achievement rates of 40%-97% for ADLs were significantly lower in the group with severe knee pain than in the group without knee pain. In addition, the groups with mild and severe knee pain demonstrated significantly lower achievement rates of ascending and descending stairs and sitting up than the group without knee pain. In conclusion, regardless of the presence of absence of mild or severe knee pain, some ADLs are difficult to achieve, while others are easy. The elderly with severe knee pain find it difficult to achieve many ADLs. In addition, it is difficult for the elderly with mild and severe knee pain to ascend and descend stairs and to sit up. © 2013 Hiroki Sugiura and Shinichi Demura.
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| 27.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
京都薬科大学<br />金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study examined age and sex differences of controlled force exertion in 207 males
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and 249 females aged 15 to 86 years. The subjects matched the submaximal grip strength of their dominant hand to changing demand values, appearing as a sinusoidal waveform on the display of a personal computer. The total difference (%) between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 sec was used as an evaluation parameter. Significant linear regressions were identified, but there was no significant difference in the rate of increase of both sexes. Analysis of variance showed insignificant differences among the means of both sexes, except for those of the 20-24yr-old group, and the differences between means of subjects greater than 50 years of age and 20 years of age increased in both sexes. Individual differences were almost the same in both sexes. The errors in controlled force exertion did not show a significant sex difference and tended to increase with age in both sexes. However, their rates of increase were significant only after 50 years of age.
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| 28.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Tada, Nobuhiko ; Matsuzawa, Jinzaburo ; Mikami, Hajime ; Ohuchi, Tetsuhiko ; Shirane, Hiroya ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to reveal the influence of gender, athletic events and athletic experience on the
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subjective dominant hand and the dominant hand based on the laterally quotient (LQ). It also aimed to examine the validity of the Edinburgh Inventory (Oldfield, 1971). Males and females (n=3,726) living in 7 prefectures in Japan (age: 16-45yrs) participated in this survey. Analysis was performed on 3,557 separate datasets with high reliability. The reliability of the survey was examined using a test-retest method consisting of 100 people selected randomly from all participants. All participants provided the same answers for each question. The influence of gender, event and experience was examined for the subjective and LQ-based dominant hands. In addition, concordance rates of the subjective dominant hand and the LQ-based dominant hand and both dominant hands were examined. Differences of concordance rates between hands used in the 10 movement questions of the Inventory and the subjective dominant hand were tested using the χ^2 test. The frequency differences among items were tested using Ryan's method (multiple comparisons). Significant gender differences were found between rates of the LQ-based dominant hand (males: 94.4%; females: 96.6%) and the subjective dominant hand (males: 91.6%; females: 94.0%), but the degree was only 2.0-4.0%. Insignificant differences were found among athletic events, two groups of different athletic experience, and gender according to each athletic event. The subjective dominant hand almost always agreed with the LQ-based dominant hand (complete concordance rate=0.96, k=0.67). Of the 10 question items, inexperienced answers were found only in the item "Knife (without fork)". The "Toothbrush", "Broom (upper hand)", and "Opening box (lid)" items had significantly lower correspondence with the subjective dominant hand (79.7-87.0%) than the other items (92.1-95.7%). In conclusion, athletic experience appears to have little influence on handedness, although there is a slight gender difference. The subjective dominant hand almost always agrees with the dominant hand based on the Inventory. A more efficient handedness inventory may be constructed by excluding the above 4 items.
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| 29.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Goshi, Fumio ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of posture change on relative body fat in t
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he bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The subjects were 30 Japanese healty yound adult males (age: 19.8±1.4years, height: 172.3±5.8cm, weight: 67.1±8.2kg). We used devices with different body segment inductions, between the hand and foot (H - F BIA) and between hands (H - H BIA), and set four measurement conditions differing in posture (supine or sitting), during rest and measurement. The reliabilities. Of %BF in the H - H and H - F BIA methods were very high (r=0.995, 0.966), and the relationship in %BF between the UW methodd and each BIA method was mid - range (r=0.767, 0.709). Although there were no differences in &BF among different measurement postures in the H - F BIA method, %BF in the H - H BIA method increased significantly when the posture was changed just before measurement. This indicated that it is necessary to pay attention to the posture change just before measurement in the H - H BIA method.
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| 30.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Noguchi, Takanori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to determine the accuracy of segmental body composition variables estimated by si
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nglefrequency BIA with 8-point contact electrodes (SF-BIA8), compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subjects were 72 obese Japanese adults (43 males and 29 females) aged 30 to 66 years. Segmental body composition variables (fat free mass : FFM, fat mass : FM, and percent fat mass : %FAT) were measured by these techniques. The correlations between impedance values and FFM measured by DXA were calculated. To examine the consistency in predicted values (SF-BIAS) with the reference (DXA), significant mean differences were tested by t-test and the degree of the difference was assessed by effect size. Correlations between the reference and predicted values were calculated. Additionally, the standard error of estimation (SEE) when estimating the reference from the predictor and the relative value of the SEE to the mean value of the DXA measurement (%SEE) were calculated. Systematic error was examined by Bland-Altman plots. High correlations were found between impedance and FFM measured by SF-BIA8. FFM in the extremities showed high correlations with the reference values, but systematic error was found. SF-BIA8 tended to overestimate FFM in the trunk. The consistencies in %FAT and FM with the reference value are inferior to those for FFM, and SEE values in %FAT and FM were greater than those for FFM. The accuracy of the estimated values in the trunk (FFM, %FAT, and FM) are inferior to those of the total body and extremities.
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| 31.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, S.
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />This study examined relationships between force outputs during sustained isometric gr
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ips (SIG) and intermittent repeated grips (IRG) with three relative target forces (50%, 75%, and 100% MVC), and subjective muscle-fatigue sensation (SMS) and blood lactate during and after gripping tests. Ten young men performed sustained grip tests with 2 grip types and 3 target forces for 6 min. Lactate and maximal grip strength were measured before, just after and 4 min and 7 min after each grip test. SMS of the forearm was measured every 30 s during and after each grip test. The relationships of average grip force in every 30 s between SIG and IRG were not good. The lactate values after IRG tests with 75% and 100% MVC tended to be higher than in the other conditions. The tendency for decline differs with grip type, intensity (target forces) and the force outputs among the conditions. The muscle fatigue level in the SIG and IRG tests may differ largely even when using the same target force. Although the SIG imposes a larger burden on subjects than the IRG, lactate after gripping work is lower. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
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| 32.
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Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Noda, Masahiro ; Yamada, Takayoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine gender differences in 4 body-sway factors of the center of foot pressu
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re (CFP) during a static upright posture and the influence of alcohol intake on them. Four body-sway factors were interpreted in previous studies using factor analysis (the principal factor method and oblique solution by promax-rotation) on 220 healthy young males and females as follows ; unit time sway, front-back sway, left-right sway and high frequency band power. The CFP measurement for 1 min was carried out twice with 1 min rest. The measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, whole body reaction time, standing on one leg with eyes closed, and CFP were carried out before and after the alcohol intake using 11 healthy young males and females. The measurement device used was an Anima's stabilometer G5500. The data sampling frequency was 20 Hz. Reliability of 4 body-sway factors was very high. Significant gender differences were found in the left-right sway and the high frequency band power factors, but the influence on body-sway is, as a whole, can be disregarded. These four sway factors can determine the influence of alcohol intake as efficient as 32 sway parameters.
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| 33.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Kobayashi, Hidetsugu ; Goshi, Fumio ; Minami, Masaki ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Yamaji, Shunsuke
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of the present study was to clarify the characteristics of ADL ability among different
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ambulatory level groups. The subjects were 448 partially dependent older adults (PD; 126 male, 81.7±8.22 year; 322 female, 82.5±7.25 year) over 60 years of age, and they were divided into 3 groups based on ambulatory activity level; G1 could not walk without assistance; G2 could walk with a stick; G3 could walk without assistance. The PD were asked 17 ADL questionnaires representing seven ADL domains to evaluate the ADL ability. Total and domain ADL scores, and achievement rates for each item were calculated, and compared among different ambulatory activity groups. It is confirmed that ADL ability level in PD significantly relates to ambulatory level and becomes gradually higher as the ambulatory activity level advances. It is considered that in the G1, lower limb ability level is low, and the contribution of ability level regarding changing posture and manual activities to total ADL ability level is high. On the other hand, in the G3 the achievement levels in manual activities and high-difficulty ADLs using lower limbs reflects the differences in the ADD ability level among individuals. Gender differences for ADL ability are not found in any ADL domain, while age differences are found in only the G3. It is inferred that for the G1, the achievement levels of ADLs are largely influenced by disease morbidity and age contributes very little to the decline of ability level.
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| 34.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Kasuga, Kohsho
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationship of achievement patterns betw
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een 74 activities by selecting nine ADL domains, including 27 items used in existing ADL index for the institutionalized disabled elderly (Disabled-ADL). For these 74 ADL items, 706 institutionalized dependent elderly were assessed using a dichotomous scale of "possible" or "impossible" by staff working at the subjects' institutions. The difficulty of each item was examined by calculating the proportion of "possible" responses. The interrelationships among activities were determined by calculating φ coefficients. Furthermore, the degree of agreement assessed between ADL items was calculated by dividing the total response by the number of "possible-possible" and "impossible-impossible" responses, in order to examine the similarity of the achievement pattern of ADL. The φ, coefficient values were high among ADL items with comparable difficulty where the item proportions were within about 10%. Even if belonging to a different ADL domain, the relationship was high among ADL items with similar difficulty and kinds of activity. All of the 27 activities used in Disabled-ADL indicated high agreement of over 80% with one or more activities among the other 47 activities used in this study. Especially, three lower extremity activities of "putting on trousers while standing", "going up and down stairs" and "squatting down from a standing posture" agreed more than 90% with many other lower extremity activities. The possibility is suggested in determining lower extremity functional levels by assessing these three activities. The selection of ADL items considering these influences is necessary to comprehensively assess ADL ability of disabled elderly.
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| 35.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the useful measurement time when evaluating static muscle
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endurance by comparing various parameters during sustained static gripping for 1, 3 and 6 min. Fifteen males (mean±SD age 20.8±1.3 yr, height 172.9±4.6 cm body mass 67.7±5.7 kg) and fifteen females [mean±SD age 20.2±0.9 yr, height 158.5±3.2 cm, body mass 55.9±4.6 kg] volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects performed the sustained static maximal grip test with a sagittal and horizontal arm position for 1, 3 and 6 min on different days. Eleven force-time parameters were selected to evaluate static muscle endurance. The trial-to-trial reliability of each measurement time of sustained static maximal gripping was very high (r_<xy> = 0.887-0.981 (1 min), 0.912-0.993 (3 min), 0.901-0.965 (6 min)). The errors of exertion values between trials were very small (below 10%). A significant correlation was found in the following parameters: the final strength and the exponential function between 1 min and 3 min, all parameters except for the time required to reach 80% of maximal grip, the regression coefficient at post-inflection between 3 min and 6 min, and the decreasing rate between all measurement times (1 min, 3 min, and 6 min). Significant differences between the measurement times were found in all parameters except for the time to 60, 70, and 80 % force decreases, and the regression coefficient of pre-inflection. There was a tendency that the longer the measurement time, the larger the decreasing force. It is suggested that for the 6 min measurement, the subjects unconsciously restrained the maximal gripping force, influenced by a psychological factor as the pain became greater. The 1 min measurement may evaluate only the remarkable decreasing phase of the decreasing force, and not evaluate the phase of an almost steady state.
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| 36.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study determined the physical fitness component that contributes to improving and maintaining
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health status for each age group as well as quantifying the degree of the relationship between health status and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly males. The participants were 995 males aged 30 to 69 years. Ten physical fitness tests and medical checkups were performed. The participants were divided into a healthy group and an unhealthy group according to health status. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the multivariate data. Correct discriminant probabilities of the multiple discriminant function to discriminate the healthy and unhealthy groups for males ranged from 67.0% to 75.1%. These findings suggest that there is a relatively high relationship between the health status and physical fitness level for middle-aged and elderly males. With each individual's discriminant score calculated using the multiple discriminant function as the index of the degree of health, the Pearson's correlation coefficient of the discriminant score and the performance in each physical fitness test were calculated. The age change between 30 and 69 years old was classified into five patterns according to the contribution. The result of this study is considered to be useful as objective data to prepare an exercise program considering the contribution of the physical fitness component of health status.
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| 37.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The present study aimed to compare the accuracy of estimating the percentage of total body fat (%T
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BF) among three bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices: a single-frequency BIA with four tactile electrodes (SF-BIA4), a single-frequency BIA with eight tactile electrodes (SF-BIA8) and a multi-frequency BIA with eight tactile electrodes (MF-BIA8). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hydrostatic weighing (HW) were used as references for the measured values. Forty-five healthy college student volunteers (21 males: 172.9±5.5cm and 65.8±9.1kg and 24 females: 160.7±6.6cm, 52.6±6.2kg) were the subjects. Correlation coefficients between the BIA measurements and the references were calculated. The standard error of estimation (SEE) was calculated by regression analysis when estimating the reference measures (DXA and HW) from the predictor (SF-BIA4, SF-BIA8 and MF-BIA8). The differences in %TBF between the reference and the predictor, calculated by the reference minus the predictor, were plotted against the %TBF measured by the references. The MF-BIA 8 here showed the highest correspondence to the reference and the least estimation error compared with the other BIA methods. It is considered that there is a limit to directly estimate FFM from a regression equation using impedance, weight, height and age as independent variables, and that %TBF can be more accurately estimated by measuring segmental impedances using eight electrodes and multi-frequency electric currents and then estimating total body water from these impedances.
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| 38.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Yokoya, Tomohisa ; Sato, Toshiro
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />金沢工業大学基礎教育部 修学基礎教育課程 生涯スポーツ教育<br />金沢工業大学基礎教育部 <br />Objectives: The aim of this study was to sele
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ct useful items for assessing fall risk in healthy elderly Japanese individuals. Methods: A total of 965 healthy elderly Japanese subjects aged ≥60 years (349 males 70.4 ± 7.1 years, 616 females 69.9 ± 7.1 years) participated in this study. Of these, 16.6% had suffered from a previous fall. We assumed five fall risk factors: symptoms of falling, physical function, disease and physical symptoms, environment, and behavior and character. Eighty-six items were selected to represent these factors. To confirm the component items for each risk factor, we performed factor analysis (principle factor solution and varimax rotation). The high-fall risk response rate was also calculated for each item, and significant differences in this rate were examined between groups of those who had and not had experienced a fall. Results: Useful items were selected using the following criteria: (1) items showing a significant difference in high fall risk response rate between faller and non-faller groups were selected as useful items; (2) items showing low factor loading (<0.4) for any factor were deleted as inappropriate items; (3) the top two items showing a greater amount of the difference in high fall risk response rate among the representative items for each factor. A total of 50 items were selected from each fall risk factor (symptoms of falling, 3 items; physical function, 22 items; disease and physical symptom, 13 items; environment, 4 items; behavior and character, 8 items). Conclusions: Based on our results, the selected items can comprehensively assess the fall risk of a healthy elderly Japanese population. In addition, the assessment items for physical function comprised items of different levels of difficulty, and these are able to gradually and comprehensively assess physical function. © 2009 The Japanese Society for Hygiene.
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| 39.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Muscle endurance is one of the important composite factors to health-related physical fitness. How
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ever, previous measurement techniques for evaluation of isometric muscle endurance have been problematic, including rapid increase of blood pressure and heart rate. The progressive workload method which gradually increases the load can reduce subject's physical and mental burden and is safe even for the elderly. This study aims to examine the relationship between exerted force and subjective muscle-fatigue sensation (SMS) of the antebrachial region as well as differences with respect to gender during sustained static gripping. Subjects consisted of 12 males (age 20.8 ± 1.6 years) and 15 females (age 20.5 ± 1.3 years) with no history of neuromuscular disorders. They performed sustained static gripping, in which the demand values are gradually increased: 10 sec for 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 20 sec each for 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% MVC, and 10 sec for 80% MVC. Demand values (each %MVC) were determined based on each subject's MVC. The forces exerted during at the demand values of 70-80% MVC were significantly lower in males than in females. A gender difference in SMS between male and female subjects occurred at demand values of 40-60% MVC. In short, even when maintaining the same exertion force during demand values of 40-60% MVC, males may experience greater physical fatigue than females. © 2008 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 40.
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />Miyaguchi, K and Demura, S. Relationships between muscle power output using the stretc
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h-shortening cycle and eccentric maximum strength. J Strength Cond Res 22(6): 1735-1741, 2008-This study aimed to examine the relationships between muscle power output using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and eccentric maximum strength under elbow flexion. Eighteen young adult males pulled up a constant light load (2 kg) by ballistic elbow flexion under the following two preliminary conditions: 1) the static relaxed muscle state (SR condition), and 2) using the SSC with countermovement (SSC condition). Muscle power was determined from the product of the pulling velocity and the load mass by a power measurement instrument that adopted the weight-loading method. We assumed the pulling velocity to be the subject's muscle power parameters as a matter of convenience, because we used a constant load. The following two parameters were selected in reference to a previous study: 1) peak velocity (m.s-1) (peak power) and 2) 0.1-second velocity during concentric contraction (m.s -1) (initial power). Eccentric maximum strength by elbow flexion was measured by a handheld dynamometer. Initial power produced in the SSC condition was significantly larger than that in the SR condition. Eccentric maximum strength showed a significant and high correlation (r = 0.70) with peak power in the SSC condition but not in the SR condition. Eccentric maximum strength showed insignificant correlations with initial power in both conditions. In conclusion, it was suggested that eccentric maximum strength is associated with peak power in the SSC condition, but the contribution of the eccentric maximum strength to the SSC potentiation (initial power) may be low. © 2008 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 41.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Kitabashi, Tamotsu ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the effects of room temperature and body position changes on cerebral
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blood volume, blood pressure and center-of-foot pressure (COP). Cerebral oxygenation kinetics and blood pressure were measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and volume-compensation, respectively, in 9 males and 9 females after rapid standing from sitting and supine positions in low (12℃) or normal (22℃) room temperatures. COP was also measured in a static standing posture for 90s after rapid standing. The total hemoglobin (Hb) decreased just after standing. Blood pressure after standing at normal temperature tended to decrease immediately but at low temperature tended to decrease slightly and then to increase greatly. The decreasing ratio of total Hb and blood pressure upon standing from a supine position at normal room temperatures was the largest of any condition. Total Hb recovered to a fixed level approximately 25sec after standing from a sitting position and approximately 35sec after standing from a supine position. All COP parameters after standing tended to change markedly in the supine position compared to the sitting position, especially at normal temperatures. The COP parameters after standing in any condition were not significantly related to the decreasing ratio of total Hb but were related to the recovery time of total Hb after standing. In conclusion, decreasing ratios of total Hb and blood pressure after standing from a supine position at normal temperatures were large and may affect body sway.
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| 42.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study examined age group and individual differences in controlled force exertion by emulating
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sinusoidal and quasi-random waveforms in 222 right-handed female adults aged 20 to 86 years. The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength by the dominant hand to changing demand values displayed as either a sinusoidal or a quasi-random waveform appearing on the display of a personal computer. A total of the differences between the demanded value and grip exertion value for 25 seconds was used as an evaluation parameter. The measurements showed a tendency to increase across the age groups in both waveforms. Significant second-order curve regressions were identified, but there was no significant difference in the increase rates of both waveforms. Analysis of variance showed non-significant differences among means of both waveforms in all age groups, and the differences between means in groups of participants over 50 and 20- to 24-year-olds increased in both waveforms. Individual differences were almost the same in both waveforms. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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| 43.
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Ikemoto, Yukio ; Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Minami, Masaki ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />Although explosive isometric contraction provides little work toward the outside, for
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ce-time parameters of the rising phase of the force-time curve may be able to predict muscle power. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle power with work (power grip) and force-time parameters during the rising phase in explosive isometric grip. Fifteen healthy young adult males participated in this study. Power grip was measured using loads of 20%-50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (peak isometric force). Subjects pulled explosively on a grip bar held with the second digital joints without the thumb. Peak power was calculated from peak velocity and load. Explosive isometric grip was measured using a hand dynamometer. Time-series data of both tests were sampled by an analog-to-digital interface. Both tests were performed with the subjects seated with a sagittal and horizontal position of the arm supported by an armrest. Peak power in the power grip test tended to be larger with an increase of the load, but there was no significant difference between 40% and 50% MVC. Only the peak power in 50% MVC significantly correlated with peak grip force (r=0.52, p <0.05). The force-time parameters related to the peak rate of the rising force phase in explosive isometric grip significantly correlated with the peak powers (30%-50% MVC, r= 0.58-0.78 ). Peak rate of the rising force phase in explosive isometric grip may be useful for predicting muscle power with loads between 30%-50% MVC. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 44.
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Shin, Sohee ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the reliability and sex- and age-related differences of step tests wit
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h stipulated tempos as well as to clarify useful test parameters and tempos. One hundred forty elderly people and fifty young adults conducted tapping and stepping tests, matching the tempo provided by a metronome. Both tests involve movements where the subject touches a sheet with both the right and left hands or right and left legs at a designated spot. Evaluation parameters were the time difference between the beep sound and the time at which the sheet was touched in both tests as well as two-leg support and one-leg support times in the step test. The trial-to-trial reliability of the parameters in both tests was high. The time differences of both 40bpm tests in the elderly were larger in males than in females. In the step test, the time difference and two-leg support times of the elderly were larger, in the order of 40, 60, and 120bpm, and the one-leg support time was less in 40bpm than 60bpm or 120bpm. The one-leg support time of the young subjects was larger, in the order of 40, 60, and 120bpm. A significant age-related difference was found in the 40bpm and 60bpm test, and the time difference and two-leg support time were larger in the elderly while the one-leg support time was larger in the young subjects. The time difference at 40bpm in the elderly was larger in the step test than in the tap test. There was no significant difference between both tests in the young subjects. In conclusion, the step test with the slow tempo, because it requires a long one-leg support phase, is effective for evaluating dynamic balance in the elderly. The time difference and two-leg and one-leg support times are effective evaluation parameters of the step test.
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| 45.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) is a representative mobility test for assessing the falling risk of the
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elderly. Although several tests have been developed, including the TUG, these do not include a "tripping" element, and tripping is a major cause of falling. This study examined the influence of various obstacle heights on test performance in the TUG test and test-retest reliability. Twenty-two healthy elderly women participated in the TUG test and in the TUG test with an obstacle (TUGO). The obstacle is a box (width 120 cm and depth 20 cm), the height of which varies (0, 5 and 17 cm). In the 0-cm height condition, a thin sheet was laid down instead of the box. In the TUGO, subjects stood up from an armchair, walked 5 m, stepped over the box, turned, stepped over the box again, walked back to the chair and sat down. The reliability of the time required for the motion around the obstacle was high and the total time in the TUGO test increased (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.74-0.99). These parameters were significantly larger for the height order 17, 5, and 0 cm and exhibited significant correlations with time required for the TUG (r = 0.61 - 0.92) and the height of subjects. An obstacle with 5 cm height prolonged the time during standing on one leg just before the obstacle and the time during turning motion after stepping over it. By adding the obstacle to the TUG, the physical mobility of the elderly is assessed more properly. © 2007 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 46.
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46. Characteristics and Lateral Dominance of Hand Grip and Elbow Flexion Powers in Young Male Adults
Aoki, Hiroki ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to clarify the characteristics and the lateral dominance of hand grip power and e
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lbow flexion power. The subjects were 15 healthy young males (mean age 22.1±0.7yr, mean height 171.3±3.4cm, mean mass 64.5± 4.1kg). All subjects were right-handed. Peak power was measured by both hands with 6 different loads of 20%-70% of maximum voluntary contraction. The maximum voluntary contraction of hand grip movement and elbow flexion movement was significantly larger in the dominant hand. Peak power of the dominant hand was larger in all loads in hand grip movement and in loads of 20% and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction in elbow flexion movement. In short, lateral dominance was confirmed. Peak power was significantly larger in hand grip movement than in elbow flexion movement in both hands. Peak velocity decreased with increasing loads in both movements, but peak power increased until about 50% of maximum voluntary contraction and then decreased. The peak power ratio of the dominant hand to the nondominant hand was significantly larger in hand grip movement than in elbow flexion movement in all loads and the peak power ratio in elbow flexion movement was more marked in light loads. In conclusion, both powers showed lateral dominance. Lateral dominance is more marked in hand grip power.
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| 47.
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Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Noda, Masahiro
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to determine the factor structure of the center of foot pressure (CFP) movement d
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uring static upright posture, and to objectively categorize and summarize parameters to evaluate CFP movement. The subjects were 220 healthy young males and females. The measurement of CFP was carried out 3 times with 1 min rest and the mean of trials 2 and 3 was used for the analysis. The measurement device was an Anima's stabilometer G5500. The data sampling frequency was 20 Hz. Thirty-four parameters with high reliability were selected from the following 6 domains except for the center position which is a fundamental attribute : distance, distribution of amplitude, area, velocity, power spectrum, and body sway vector. Factor analysis (principal factor method and promax rotation) was applied to a correlation matrix consisting of 32 parameters. Four factors abstracted were interpreted as follows ; unit time sway, front and back sway, left and right sway and high frequency band of power spectrum. The reliability coefficient (ICC=0.89-0.95) and the congruence coefficient (φ0=0.80-0.97) between factors abstracted from the original and the cross-validity groups were very high. It was considered that the CFP movement consists of the above 4 factors that evaluate the amount of body sway and can be synthetically evaluated by them.
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| 48.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Yamada, Takayoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />The purpose of this study was to compare oxygenation kinetics measured by slightly di
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fferent placements of a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) probe during sustained isometric gripping. Oxygenation kinetics of sixteen young adult males was measured with two NIRS probes attached to the flexor carpiradialis muscle during gripping for 3 min. One probe (channel 1) was attached at one-third the length of a line from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the styloid process of radius. Another probe (channel 2) was attached at the palmaris longus. Although the cross-correlation coefficients for the two probe placements regarding oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb/Mb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb/Mb) and tissue oxygenation saturation (StO2) were low (rxy, 0.119-0.405), Pearson's correlation coefficients for the times to reach almost steady state for these parameters were very high (oxy-Hb/Mb, r=0.878; deoxy-Hb/Mb, r=0.769; StO2, r=0.843; p<0.05). The difference of oxygenation kinetics between the probe placements may reflect the difference of fiber recruitment characteristics in the flexion muscle group. In conclusion, to obtain a stable measurement, it is important that the NIRS probe is placed at the same anatomical point. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 49.
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Sugimoto, Hiroe ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Shimomura, Masaaki
概要:
Aim: The present study clarifies the effects of participation in a preventative health classroom program (exercise progr
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am) for 1 year on the physical functions of pre-frail elderly individuals in comparison with healthy elderly individuals. Methods: Participants in the study included 28 elderly pre-frail female participants and 28 elderly healthy female participants. Participants engaged in the exercise program for 1 year. There was no significant age or physical differences between both groups. Before and after the exercise program, the following physical function tests were carried out: grip strength, one-legged balance with eyes open, 5-m walking time and a timed up & go (TUG). Results: The pre-frail elderly group tested significantly lower in the one-legged balance with eyes open test and the TUG test compared with the healthy elderly group. The 5-m walking time test improved significantly in both groups, but the TUG improved only in the pre-frail elderly group. Conversely, the grip strength and one-legged balance with eyes open tests remained unchanged. Conclusion: Improvements in the TUG and 5-m walking time tests were found in the pre-frail elderly group after the 1-year exercise program. Their results in the TUG test might be greater than those among the healthy elderly individuals. © 2013 Japan Geriatrics Society.
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| 50.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Shin, Sohee ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to develop a criterion for screening high risk elderly using Demura's fall risk a
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ssessment chart (DFRA), compared with the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of gerontology (TMIG) fall risk assessment chart. Participants included 1122 healthy elderly individuals aged 60 years and over (380 males and 742 females) 15.8% of whom had experienced a fall. We assessed fall risk of the elderly by DFRA and TMIG. To develop a criterion for screening high fall risk subjects among community-dwelling elderly, receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted using fall experience (separated into the categories of faller and non-faller) and the following fall risk scale scores: (1) TMIG score, (2) DFRA score, and (3) potential for falling score according to the DFRA (summing the scores of three items). In ROC analyses, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for evaluating the potential for falling gave a value of 0.797 (95% CI = 0.759-0.834) which proved better than the evaluation of the overall TMIG (0.654, 95% CI = 0.600-0.706) and DFRA scores (0.680, 95% CI = 0.633-0.727). Assessment of the potential for falling and fall experience are of benefit in screening for elderly persons deemed to be at a high fall risk. Further examinations based on the prospective data setting will be required. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 51.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to examine age group and individual differences of the controlled force exertion test by sinusoidal wav
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eforms and to propose a provisional norm in 207 male adults who were right-handed and aged 15 to 86 years (mean = 42.1±19.8 yrs). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, appearing with a sinusoidal waveform on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test three times with 1-min intervals (one trial lasted 40 s), after one practice trial using the dominant hand. A total of the differences between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 s was used as an evaluation parameter. The measurements showed a right-skewed distribution without a normal distribution. They showed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation (W=0.09, p>0.05). The result of the analysis of variance showed significant differences in the means of each age group (F=16.43, p<0.05), and test performance tended to decrease after 50 years of age. Considering the above-stated age group difference, the norm of each age group was established. The controlled force exertion value by the sinusoidal waveform decreases markedly after 50 years of age. An individual’s controlled force exertion for the devised provisional norm was evaluated in this study.
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| 52.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
This study prepared an estimation equation for the evaluation of health status of middle-aged and elderly males and females on the basis of physical fitness tests easily performed at fitness facilities not equipped to conduct medical
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checkups. The participants were 2,096 males and females aged 30 to 69 years. All participants underwent medical checkups and physical fitness tests, which, based on the judgment of a medical doctor, determined categorization into two groups; namely, a healthy group and an unhealthy group. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to prepare an estimation equation, and correct discriminant probabilities were used to evaluate the validity of the equation. Physical fitness variables selected for the equations were height, weight, body mass index, percent body fat, grip strength, one leg balance with eyes closed, reaction time, sit-ups, Vo2max, and age. The correct discriminant probabilities of discriminant functions obtained for males and females were 66.5 % to 76.6 % and 62.7 % to 76.4 %, respectively. This suggested that health status could be evaluated with relatively high accuracy by the estimation equation derived from the physical fitness test. The equation presented in this study as an initial screening test is useful in the practical field of exercise instruction for the promotion and maintenance of health in middle-aged and elderly individuals.
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| 53.
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Murase, Tomohiko ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This article discusses and summarizes previous studies dealing with fitness and motor performance in preschool children
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from the viewpoint of measurement and evaluation, and determines topics for further studies. The studies reviewed in this article were mainly published in the “Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences” (edited by the Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences), and the “Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine” (edited by the Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine). The element of endurance should be included in the structure of fitness and motor performance in preschool children, as has been done in some studies of cardio-respiratory functions in preschool children. Further examinations are needed to validate the structure and to explore new elements. Considering that the measures obtained from one test are influenced by plural elements of fitness and motor performance, some multivariate analyses, such as factor analysis, would be useful to describe and quantify the pure elements. A test battery by maximal exertion by the subjects has been utilized in many previous studies, and the tests are applicable to measurements in both research and practical fields because validity, reliability, objectivity and practicability were examined, and the norms are published. However, studies for the availability of pass or fail test are necessary in the future. In general, periodic studies examining the conclusions of previous studies on the structure of fitness and motor performance, age and gender differences, and the related factors for preschool children are needed because the environments influencing preschool children vary from year to year.
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| 54.
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Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Hitoshi
概要:
This study is aimed at examining body sway factors for 1,107 healthy people aged 16 to 69 years and to propose a practic
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al body sway evaluation method. The center of foot pressure measurement was carried out twice for 1 min. with a 1-min. rest. 30 parameters with high reliability selected from 6 domains (distance, distribution of amplitude, area, velocity, power spectrum, and body sway vector) were summarized objectively into 4 body sway factors (unit time sway, front-back sway, left-right sway, and high frequency band power). Factor scores were calculated by the estimate equation and the total standard scores of parameters with high factor loadings. Considering this result, a total standard score for each factor was classified into 4 percentile categories based on percentile rank. Using this classification criteria, body sway scores for each individual were classified into any of the above 4 domains for each factor. It was confirmed that young adultsmainly belong to percentile Categories A and B and the elderly mainly belong to percentile Categories C and D. It was found that a great effect on body sway occurred when an individual's conscious condition changed (contracting a cold or after exercise). In conclusion, the body sway of healthy people can be explained by these 4 sway factors. An evaluation of the body sway pattern using the 4 sway factors may enable us to concretely understand individuals' disorders and abnormal states in addition to changes in body sway that occur with aging. © Perceptual and Motor Skills 2011.
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| 55.
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Sakai, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Fujii, Katsunori
概要:
Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Obesity is a state in which b
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ody fat accumulates to an abnormal degree, and detailed information about body composition is necessary to investigate the problems of obesity in children. In the present study, we measured body composition using equipment based on the multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method to measure lean body mass and the quantity of fat. We evaluated differences in body composition in young children from 3 to 5 years old, including differences in relation to gender, and correlated them with measured values of BMI. The fat percentages in girls were higher than in boys, and the muscle percentages (muscle mass/weight × 100) were the opposite. These results show that there were differences in relation to gender. Our evaluations were based on regression analysis of fat percentages in relation to BMI and muscle percentages. A high correlation was found between BMI and fat percentage. The relationship between BMI and muscle percentage was the opposite of the relationship between BMI and fat percentage, and there was a high negative relationship between boys and girls. A significant regression tendency was confirmed from the results of the regression analysis of fat and muscle percentages for BMI in preschool children. This suggests that BMI can also be used to evaluate the fatness or thinness of a preschool child. In short, BMI can be used as an index that can be used to evaluate fat and muscle percentages from early childhood. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Italia.
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| 56.
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi ; Sugiura, Hiroki ; Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Noda, Masahiro
概要:
This study examines the development of various reaction movements in preschool children and the relationship between rea
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ction times and favorite play activities. The subjects were 167 healthy preschool children aged 4-6 (96 boys and 71 girls). This study focused on the reaction times of the upper limbs (reaction 1: release; reaction 2: press) and the whole body (reaction 3: forward jump). The activities frequently played in preschools are largely divided into dynamic play activities (tag, soccer, gymnastics set, dodge ball, and jump rope) and static play activities (drawing, playing house, reading, playing with sand, and building blocks). The subjects chose 3 of 10 cards picturing their favorite play activities, depicting 10 different activities. All intraclass correlation coefficients of measured reaction times were high (0.73-0.79). In addition, each reaction time shortened with age. Reaction 1 showed a significant and low correlation with reaction 3 (r = 0.37). The effect size of the whole body reaction time was the largest. Whole body reaction movement, which is largely affected by the exercise output function, develops remarkably in childhood. Children who liked "tag" were faster in all reaction times. The children who chose "soccer" were faster in reactions 2 and 3. In contrast, children who liked "playing house" tended to have slower reaction times. Dynamic activities, such as tag and soccer, promote development of reaction speed and agility in movements involving the whole body. Preschool teachers and physical educators should re-examine the effect of tag and use it periodically as one of the exercise programs to avoid unexpected falls and injuries in everyday life. © 2013 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 57.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
Previously, gait had been considered an automatic and rhythmical movement that uses minimal attentional resources. The r
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elationship between attention and gait has been revealed in recent research. However, in young adults in particular, the influence of using a cell phone - which is used frequently in daily life and considered to require high attentional demands - on gait has not been demonstrated. In this study, we examined the influence of mobile phone use on gait. Thirty healthy college students (15 males, 15 females) walked through a normal straight course with or without an obstacle under two different walking conditions while either using the email function of the cell phone or walking without a cell phone. The participants walked at a normal speed on a 10-m walkway. In walking conditions with an obstacle, an obstacle (17 cm in height) was set at the mid-point of the walkway. The following gait parameters were calculated: velocity, stride length, stride width (cm), and stance phase of one foot (just before an obstacle, one and two steps before the obstacle). Velocity and stride width decreased and the stance phase increased during walking while operating a cell phone. The stance phase just before an obstacle and stride length increased while operating a cell phone with an obstacle in the way. Gaze fixations and the high attention required to use the email function of the device may result in greatly disturbed gait. © 2009 European College of Sport Science.
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| 58.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Shin, Sohee ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
This study aimed to develop a criterion for screening high risk elderly using Demura's fall risk assessment chart (DFRA)
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, compared with the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of gerontology (TMIG) fall risk assessment chart. Participants included 1122 healthy elderly individuals aged 60 years and over (380 males and 742 females) 15.8% of whom had experienced a fall. We assessed fall risk of the elderly by DFRA and TMIG. To develop a criterion for screening high fall risk subjects among community-dwelling elderly, receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted using fall experience (separated into the categories of faller and non-faller) and the following fall risk scale scores: (1) TMIG score, (2) DFRA score, and (3) potential for falling score according to the DFRA (summing the scores of three items). In ROC analyses, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for evaluating the potential for falling gave a value of 0.797 (95% CI = 0.759-0.834) which proved better than the evaluation of the overall TMIG (0.654, 95% CI = 0.600-0.706) and DFRA scores (0.680, 95% CI = 0.633-0.727). Assessment of the potential for falling and fall experience are of benefit in screening for elderly persons deemed to be at a high fall risk. Further examinations based on the prospective data setting will be required. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 59.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
This study was aimed to compare the variations in cerebral oxygenation, blood pressure and center-of-foot pressure after standing from sitting and supine positions at normal (22 degrees C) and high (32 degrees C) room temperatures.
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Thirty young adults stood up from a resting posture (sitting or supine position) and kept the static standing posture for 90 sec. Meanwhile, their center-of-foot pressure (COP), blood pressure, and cerebral oxygenation kinetics were measured in continuity. The change of the frequency domain low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) ratio of the R-R interval before and after standing from a supine position was significantly higher than that from a sitting position under both temperature conditions. Blood pressure as well as total and oxygenated hemoglobin levels decreased immediately after standing up and the ratio of blood pressure change when moving from a supine position to standing at high room temperature was the largest as compared with the other conditions. Total hemoglobin (Hb) volume was found to temporarily decrease after standing and required 22-24 sec to recover when the subject started from the sitting position and 33-36 sec when the subject started from the supine position. Cerebral oxygenation kinetics tended to be larger under high, rather than normal, temperature conditions. All COP parameters after standing were significantly larger in the high temperature condition than in the normal temperature condition. Body sway after standing was larger in the high temperature condition than in the normal temperature condition and after standing from a supine position than from a sitting position. In conclusion, cerebral oxygenation kinetics and blood pressure measured after the subject moved to the standing position changed dramatically under high temperature conditions, and variations in this parameter may influence body sway.
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| 60.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Kasuga, Kosho
概要:
Many elderly people experience difficulty with independent living after injuries associated with falls. This study aimed
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to examine the influence of fall characteristics and physical function level on the severity of fall related injuries. The surveys were conducted in 1955 community dwelling elderly. The questions regarded the following: fall experience within the past year, fall direction, fall cause, injured parts and degree of injury, and an activity of daily living (ADL) questionnaire from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan. Data of 1850 subjects with available and complete responses were used for analysis. Three hundred and eighty-six (20.9%) elderly people experienced a fall within the past year and 257 (66.7%) were injured. ADL score was significantly higher in the elderly without fall experience than the elderly with fall experience. No significant difference was found in frequency of fall cause and fall direction between the elderly with and without injuries caused by falling. Significant correlations were found between fall direction and fall cause and injured parts (φ=. 0.49 and 0.32). ADL score of the elderly who fell by leg backlash was significantly lower than that of the elderly who fell by tripping, slipping and staggering. A decrease of ADL affects the rate of falls in the elderly, but not the degree of injury. Fall characteristics may not be related to the extent of fall injury. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 61.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Morishita, Koji ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Komatsu, Miho
概要:
L-Ornithine plays an important role in ammonia metabolism via the urea cycle. This study aimed to examine the eVect of L
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-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on ammonia metabolism and performance after intermittent maximal anaerobic cycle ergometer exercise. Ten healthy young adults (age, 23.8 ± 3.9 year; height, 172.3 ± 5.5 cm; body mass, 67.7 ± 6.1 kg) with regular training experience ingested L-ornithine hydrochloride (0.1 g/kg, body mass) or placebo after 30 s of maximal cycling exercise. Five sets of the same maximal cycling exercise were conducted 60 min after ingestion, and maximal cycling exercise was conducted after a 15 min rest. The intensity of cycling exercise was based on each subject's body mass (0.74 N kg -1). Work volume (watt), peak rpm (rpm) before and after intermittent maximal ergometer exercise and the following serum parameters were measured before ingestion, immediately after exercise and 15 min after exercise: ornithine, ammonia, urea, lactic acid and glutamate. Peak rpm was signiWcantly greater with L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion than with placebo ingestion. Serum ornithine level was signiWcantly greater with L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion than with placebo ingestion immediately and 15 min after intermittent maximal cycle ergometer exercise. In conclusion, although maximal anaerobic performance may be improved by L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion before intermittent maximal anaerobic cycle ergometer exercise, the above may not depend on increase of ammonia metabolism with L-ornithine hydrochloride. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.
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| 62.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kasuga, Kosho ; Sato, Susumu ; Sato, Toshiro ; Shin, Sohee
概要:
Background: Falling is an important social issue for the elderly. This study's aim is to determine useful risk factors t
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hat could be used to screen for the elderly at high risk of falling. Methods: Participants included 965 healthy elderly individuals ≥ 60 years of age (349 males and 616 females; men age: 70.1 ± 7.1 years). We assessed fall risk in these elderly using Demura et al's fall-risk assessment scale (DFRA), which consists of previous experiences with falls and 50 other fall-risk assessment items representing the five risk factors related to the potential for falling, physical function, disease and physical symptoms, environment, and behavior and character (Demura et al., 2010). Receiver-operating characteristics analysis was conducted using previous experiences with falls (faller or non-faller) as the dependent variable and each fall-risk factor score in the DFRA as the independent variable. Results: The potential for falling was calculated as the highest area under the ROC curve (AUC) (AUC = 0.80; sensitivity = 0.87; specificity = 0.75). However, it was difficult to screen for the elderly as high risk of falling using other fall-risk factor scores. Conclusion: These results suggest that the potential for falling is a useful risk factor that can be used to screen for the elderly at high risk of falling. © 2012.
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| 63.
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論文
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to clarify the relationship between upper-body strength and bat swing speed in high-school baseball pla
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yers and to examine the physical characteristics of home run hitters (sluggers). The subjects were 30 male high-school baseball players with national tournament experience at the Koshien Stadium. Bat swing speed exerted by full effort was measured with a microwave-type speed-measuring instrument. Onerepetition maximum (1RM) of a bench press (BP), BP power (bench power) using a light load (30 kg), and isokinetic chest press (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 m•s -1) were measured as upper-body strength. The relationships between bat swing speed and upper-body strength values were examined. Additionally, the ttest was used to reveal the mean differences between 14 home run hitters (group A) and 16 mediocre hitters (group B) for each measurement value. The bat swing speed showed significant and middle correlations with the 1RM BP (r = 0.59), bench power (0.41), and isokinetic chest press (0.48-0.55). Group A had significantly higher values in bench power and isokinetic chest press (high-speed) per kilogram of body weight than did group B. The swing speed showed significant correlations (r = 0.62) with the 1RM BP in group B but not in group A. In conclusion, to improve the hitting power of high-school baseball players, it may also be important to develop bench power with light loads in addition to 1RM BP. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 64.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Kasuga, Kosho
概要:
Many elderly people experience difficulty with independent living after injuries associated with falls. This study aimed
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to examine the influence of fall characteristics and physical function level on the severity of fall related injuries. The surveys were conducted in 1955 community dwelling elderly. The questions regarded the following: fall experience within the past year, fall direction, fall cause, injured parts and degree of injury, and an activity of daily living (ADL) questionnaire from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan. Data of 1850 subjects with available and complete responses were used for analysis. Three hundred and eighty-six (20.9%) elderly people experienced a fall within the past year and 257 (66.7%) were injured. ADL score was significantly higher in the elderly without fall experience than the elderly with fall experience. No significant difference was found in frequency of fall cause and fall direction between the elderly with and without injuries caused by falling. Significant correlations were found between fall direction and fall cause and injured parts (φ = 0.49 and 0.32). ADL score of the elderly who fell by leg backlash was significantly lower than that of the elderly who fell by tripping, slipping and staggering. A decrease of ADL affects the rate of falls in the elderly, but not the degree of injury. Fall characteristics may not be related to the extent of fall injury. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 65.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Kasuga, Kosho
概要:
Many elderly people experience difficulty with independent living after injuries associated with falls. This study aimed
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to examine the influence of fall characteristics and physical function level on the severity of fall related injuries. The surveys were conducted in 1955 community dwelling elderly. The questions regarded the following: fall experience within the past year, fall direction, fall cause, injured parts and degree of injury, and an activity of daily living (ADL) questionnaire from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan. Data of 1850 subjects with available and complete responses were used for analysis. Three hundred and eighty-six (20.9%) elderly people experienced a fall within the past year and 257 (66.7%) were injured. ADL score was significantly higher in the elderly without fall experience than the elderly with fall experience. No significant difference was found in frequency of fall cause and fall direction between the elderly with and without injuries caused by falling. Significant correlations were found between fall direction and fall cause and injured parts (φ=. 0.49 and 0.32). ADL score of the elderly who fell by leg backlash was significantly lower than that of the elderly who fell by tripping, slipping and staggering. A decrease of ADL affects the rate of falls in the elderly, but not the degree of injury. Fall characteristics may not be related to the extent of fall injury. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 66.
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Shin, Sohee ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study is aimed at examining the correlation between age and gait time using a Single-leg forward step (SFS) test. T
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wo groups consisting of sixty healthy elderly women (age 71.4 ± 6.4 years) and twenty young women (age 20.2 ± 0.9 years) performed the step test. The test subjects put one leg forward and returned it to its original position while matching varying metronome tempos (40. bpm, 60. bpm, and 120. bpm) for 10. s. As an evaluation parameter, the time difference between the metronome sound and the time when the subject's foot hits the ground was used. A significant time difference was found only in the group of elderly women. The time differences were greater in the 40. bpm and 120. bpm step tests than in the 60. bpm step test. The time variances showed significantly low correlations with gait time (r=. 0.33-0.42). Since the SFS test purposefully produces balance instability via shifts in one's center of gravity through forward and backward movements, the elderly with inferior balancing ability as well as a diminished ability to walk might have difficulty succeeding in this test. In conclusion, the SFS test is deemed effective in evaluating elderly subjects' balancing ability. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 67.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Takahashi, Kenji
概要:
It is important to develop an accurate method of measuring controlled force exertion. This study examined the age differ
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ences between the controlled force exertion measured by a sinusoidal waveform and a bar chart display. The participants comprised 175 right-handed male adults aged 20-86 years. The participants were divided into three age groups: young (n=53), middle-aged (n=71), and elderly (n=51). They matched the submaximal grip strength exerted by their dominant hand to changing demand values displayed as either a sinusoidal waveform or a bar chart appearing on a personal computer screen. The participants performed the controlled force exertion test three times with a 1-min inter-trial interval using their dominant hand. The dependent variable was the total sum of the percentage values of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion value for more than 25s. The coefficient of variance had almost the same range in all age groups in both displays (CVSW=28.0-36.9, CVBC=29.1-32.6), but the elderly group showed a somewhat higher value with the sinusoidal waveform. Significant correlations were found between the scores with sinusoidal waveform and bar chart displays in the young, middle-aged, and elderly groups (r=0.47-0.68), but the correlations did not differ significantly between the age groups. Scores over 1500% in sinusoidal and bar chart display were found in one and two participants, respectively, in the middle-aged group and in 12% and 16% of the participants, respectively, in the elderly group. Furthermore, among all participants, only 8% of participants in the elderly group scored over 1500% in both displays. Scores over 1500% in both displays are considered to be considerably worse in controlled force exertion than lower scores. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 68.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Mitsumori, Atsuko ; Sato, Toshiro
概要:
In a super-aged society, the need for prevention of locomotor dysfunction is growing, and evidence for feasible preventi
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ve measures is thus required. This study aimed to examine the relationship between these disorders and the prevalence rates for falling and physical function status. Participants included 1182 community-dwelling elderly Japanese individuals aged 60 and older. Subjects were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence or absence of locomotive and visual/hearing disorders. Locomotive and visual/hearing organs disorders and physical function were assessed using a self-rated questionnaire. Competence level with activities of daily living (ADL) was used to assess physical function. Locomotive disorder was more prevalent in females than in males, and the presence of such disorders tended to have more influence on the risk of falling and decline in ADL function in females than in males. Locomotive disorders may have a greater effect on the lives of elderly females compared with elderly males. Although there was no significant odds ratio in the presence of multiple disorders, the prevalence rate of the multiple disorders increased with age and this increased the risk of falling also increases with age. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 69.
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Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Sugiura, Hiroki
概要:
Purpose. Tripping over objects is a major cause of fall-related injuries. The elderly feature decreased locomotor veloci
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ty with aging and delays in locomotion when encountering obstacles. Numerous studies have analyzed how the mobility performance of the elderly is affected when crossing over an obstacle. However, how is mobility performance affected when performing sequences of various locomotor movements (gait, changing direction, standing up and sitting down) that make up activities of daily living? To answer this question, this study investigated the changes in locomotor velocity when encountering an obstacle during various locomotor movements in both older adults and young adults by using the TUG, a representative mobility test. Methods. Thirty older adults who were judged to be able to walk independently by the Berg Balance Scale (BSS) (age: 70.0 ± 6.94 yrs; BB S: 54.7 ± 1.78 pts) and seventeen male young adults (age: 21.7 ± 2.37 yrs) participated in the "Timed Up & Go" (TUG) test with and without an obstacle. Using the TUG score (the total time required to complete the test), a rate of the total times (with an obstacle/ without an obstacle) was calculated to create an index of the decline in mobility performance by the obstacle. Results. The decline in the mobility performance of the elderly was significantly larger than the young adults for the following measurements: in the single stance phases just before and after an obstacle, the time needed to change direction 180 degrees, and for level walking after crossing over an obstacle. Conclusions. The elderly require a longer period of time for stepping over obstacles. Gait and the ability to change direction after encountering an obstacle was found to be slower when compared to the younger male population.
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| 70.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Mitsumori, Atsuko ; Sato, Toshiro
概要:
Objectives: To examine the reliability and fall experience discrimination of the Cross Step Moving on Four Spots Test (C
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SFT) and the relationship between CSFT and fall-related physical function. Design: The reliability of the CSFT was examined in a test-retest format with the same tester. Fall history, fall risk, fear of falling, activities of daily living (ADL), and various physical parameters were measured for all participants. Setting: A community center and university medical school. Participants: Elderly community-dwelling subjects (N=533; 62 men, 471 women) aged 65 to 94 years living independently. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Time to complete all the CSFT steps required, fall risk score, ADL score, and fall-related physical function (isometric muscle strength: toe grip, plantar flexion, knee extension, hip flexion, hand grip; balance: 1-leg standing time with eyes open, functional reach test using an elastic stick; and gait: 10-m maximal walking speed). Results: The trial-to-trial reliability test indicated good reliability of the CSFT in both sexes (intraclass correlation coefficient =.833 in men,.825 in women). However, trial-to-trial errors increased with an increase in the CSFT values in both sexes. Significant correlations were observed between the CSFT values and scores for most fall-related physical function tests in both sexes. However, the correlation coefficient for all significant correlations was <0.5. Two-way analysis of variance (sex × fall experience) revealed that the fall experience is a significant factor affecting CSFT values; values in fallers were significantly lower than those in nonfallers. The odds ratios in logistic regression analysis were significant in both sexes (men, 1.35; women, 1.48). As determined by the Youden index, the optimal cutoff value for identifying fall experience was 7.32 seconds, with an area under the curve of.676. Conclusions: The CSFT can detect fall experience and is useful in the evaluation of different fall-related physical functions including muscle strength, balance, and mobility. © 2013 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.
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| 71.
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論文
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71. Differences in muscle power between the dominant and nondominant upper limbs of baseball players
Noguchi, Takanori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Takahashi, Kenji ; Demura, Gou ; Mori, Yasunori
概要:
We examined the differences in muscle power between the dominant and nondominant upper limbs of 33 healthy, right-handed
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, university baseball players (mean age, 20.4±1.1 years) with an average baseball experience >11 years. After measuring maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of hand grip, elbow flexion, and shoulder internal rotation in both upper limbs, the muscle power of each joint was measured at 40%, 50%, and 60% MVC. No significant differences were observed in the main factors affecting MVC and elbow flexion power loads between dominant and nondominant upper limbs. For handgrip power, load factors at 40% MVC in the dominant hand were lower than those at 60% MVC in the same hand and those at 50% and 60% MVC in the nondominant hand. Significant differences were observed in shoulder internal rotation power between dominant and nondominant upper limbs, with the dominant limb having greater power at all loads. Correlations between muscle power of both upper limbs for handgrip and elbow flexion were significant and moderately high at all loads. For shoulder internal rotation power, the degree of correlation was significant and moderately high at 40% MVC but low to moderate at 50% and 60% MVC. Therefore, baseball players have marked lateral dominance in shoulder internal rotation power unlike handgrip and elbow flexion power, although the relationship between shoulder internal rotation muscle powers of both upper limbs becomes lower with increasing load. The dominance of muscle power of each joint varied even in the same upper limb. It is thus beneficial for baseball players to train with even loads on both arms or adopt simultaneous workout of both arms after adjusting for strength differences. © 2013 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 72.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Kobayashi, Hidetsugu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to examine the characteristics of the relationship between ADL abi
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lity and daily life satisfaction and the pattern change with aging in independent Japanese elderly, and to compare these tendencies between males and females. The characteristics of ADL ability and daily life satisfaction of 482 subjects (213 males, 269 females) were investigated in a self-response survey. Seventy-four ADL items, considered from previous studies, were selected from nine ADL domains of 1) movement, 2) going up and down stairs, 3) changing and holding posture, 4) bathing, 5) toileting, 6) dressing, 7) grooming, 8) eating, and 9) manual activities, and nine items of daily life satisfaction were selected from physical, psychological and sociological factors. Both ADL ability and life satisfaction of independent elderly tended to decline with aging. From correlation analysis, since life satisfaction of the elderly was higher with high ADL ability level, it was considered that ADL ability level is one of the important factors in providing for life satisfaction of independent elderly. The subjective symptoms of inconvenience in the lower extremity and lumbar region increased from the 70s in both genders, and the use of assisting devices for movement remarkably increased in the 80s in both genders. The use of assisting devices closely related to the activity area in daily life and influenced the characteristics of life satisfaction and its age-related change in the relationship between ADL ability and life satisfaction. The relationship between ADL ability and satisfaction with physical function was similar in both genders, while the relationship between ADL ability and satisfaction with sociological and psychological factors was different between males and females. Since the relationship between ADL ability and life satisfaction of independent elderly is influenced by a combination of personal, cultural, and environmental factors, additional study must investigate in detail the influence of these factors.
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| 73.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Mitsumori, Atsuko ; Sato, Toshiro
概要:
In a super-aged society, the need for prevention of locomotor dysfunction is growing, and evidence for feasible preventi
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ve measures is thus required. This study aimed to examine the relationship between these disorders and the prevalence rates for falling and physical function status. Participants included 1182 community-dwelling elderly Japanese individuals aged 60 and older. Subjects were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence or absence of locomotive and visual/hearing disorders. Locomotive and visual/hearing organs disorders and physical function were assessed using a self-rated questionnaire. Competence level with activities of daily living (ADL) was used to assess physical function. Locomotive disorder was more prevalent in females than in males, and the presence of such disorders tended to have more influence on the risk of falling and decline in ADL function in females than in males. Locomotive disorders may have a greater effect on the lives of elderly females compared with elderly males. Although there was no significant odds ratio in the presence of multiple disorders, the prevalence rate of the multiple disorders increased with age and this increased the risk of falling also increases with age. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 74.
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Noguchi, Takanori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nakagawa, Toshiharu
概要:
This study examined the laterality of the supporting leg in postural stability during a one-leg stance test on an unstab
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le moving platform and its practice effect. 30 male university students were evaluated using the omnidirection stability index (OSI) during a one-leg stance test on an unstable moving platform (three trials). The leg used when kicking a ball was defined as the manipulation leg (ML) and the supporting leg was defined as the non-manipulation leg (NML). According to the two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA; trials × legs), a statistically significant difference was observed only on the leg factor, and OSI values of the second and third trials were less for the ML than the NML. The correlation between both legs was statistically significant but not high. The ML was superior to NML with regard to stability, and no practice effect with trials was evident in either leg. © Perceptual & Motor Skills 2013.
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| 75.
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Sakai, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Fujii, Katsunori
概要:
This study aims to clarify age-related changes of body composition structure in terms of the percentages of body fat and
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muscle (muscle mass/weight×100) in preschool children by using BMI. The subjects were 533 preschool children, comprising 260 boys and 273 girls. Regression analysis for BMI was performed and a regression polynomial of a proper order was determined. After examining the validity of the order in a regression polynomial for %Fat and muscle percentages for BMI, a regression polynomial evaluation chart was made up. After judging the degree of fat or muscle accumulation from BMI and the fat or muscle percentages for each age group of the boys and girls, a frequency distribution map of excessive development and underdevelopment of fat and muscle was drawn up and its age-related changes were examined. As a result, a complementary relationship was confirmed to exist between BMI and %Fat in preschool children. In contrast, an opposite relationship was found for BMI and muscle percentages. These results suggest that BMI can be used as an index of muscle percentages as well as %Fat. As a final result, the distribution composition map of fat and muscle percentages for BMI does not show changes with age from infancy in preschool boys as a whole, but it does show such changes in girls. It is inferred that preschool girls show, due to early maturity, earlier changes (fat decrease) toward an integrated child's body than do boys.
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| 76.
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Demura, Tomohiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Aoki, Hiroki ; Uchida, Yuu ; Yamaji, Shunsuke
概要:
This study aimed to determine the effect of active warm-up by local muscle light exercise and passive warm-up by polarized light irradiation on skin and muscle temperatures and forearm muscle performance (muscle strength, power, endurance,
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and controlled force-exertion). Ten healthy males performed various grip tests before and after active (local muscle light exercise) and passive (linear polarized near-infrared light irradiation) warm-ups. An active warm-up involved intermittent gripping exercise (contraction: 1 second and relaxation: 1 second) for 10 minutes using a sponge. A passive warm-up consisted of polarized light irradiation to the forearm (superficial digital flexor) for 10 minutes (irradiation: 5 seconds and rest: 1 second). Skin and muscle temperatures were measured during both warm-ups. Skin and muscle temperatures increased significantly after 5 minutes of local muscle light exercise and after 10 minutes of polarized light irradiation. Temperatures were significantly higher after 6 minutes of local muscle light exercise than after 6 minutes of polarized light irradiation. There were no significant differences of muscle strength, power, and controlled force-exertion before and after either warm-up. Average force outputs in all conditions significantly decreased with exertion time, and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds they were higher in both warm-up conditions than in the non-warm-up condition. In conclusion, both warm-ups may contribute to improve muscle endurance performance in the decreasing force phase.
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| 77.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
This study aimed to clarify the sex-, age-, and obesity-level-specific regional subcutaneous fat characteristics and the
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ir relationships with total and visceral fat in 302 Japanese adults (mean age: 41.8±15.7 yr; range: 20.0 to 82.6 yr). Subcutaneous fat thickness at 14 sites (right cheek, chin, chest (2 sites), abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, subscapular, back (2 sites), thigh (2 sites), knee, and calf), percent body fat (%BF) and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured by B-mode ultrasound, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. The results of 3-way ANOVA (2 sex groups, 5 age groups, 2 obesity-level groups) for each subcutaneous fat thickness at 14 sites indicated that the characteristics of sex-specific differences differed by age groups and obesity levels, and these differences are more apparent in the obese group and the 30- to 50-year-old groups. Subcutaneous fat accumulation progressed toward the central body with increased age and obesity. The relationships between subcutaneous fat, total fat, and visceral fat differed with sex and obesity level. The significant relationship between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and VFA was found in the nonobese (BMI<25 kg/m2) and nonviscerally obese (VFA<100 cm2) groups (male: r=.474; female: r=.417), but not in the nonobese and viscerally obese males (r=−.068) and in the obese and viscerally obese subjects (males: r=.291; females: r=−.327). There may be a close relationship between subcutaneous fat accumulation capacity and visceral fat accumulation.
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| 78.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kobayashi, Hidetsugu ; Tanaka, Kiyoji ; Sato, Susumu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Murase, Tomohiko
概要:
The present study investigated the validity, reliability, objectivity, and practicability of methods with skinfold caliper (SF), ultrasound (US), bioelectrical impedance (BI), and sulfur hexafluoride (SHD) using identical
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subjects, and evaluated comprehensive usefulness by comparing selected methods or equations. In examining validity, underwater weighing (UW) was employed to obtain the criterion of validity. The subjects were healthy Japanese, 16 males and 15 females, aged 18 to 32 years. The prediction equation developed by Nakadomo et al. (1990b) was considered to be suitable for BI. With respect to the validity, BI and SHD assessing total body when estimating body composition would be more valid than those assessing partial subcutaneous skinfold thickness. A comprehensive evaluation through an examination with respect to the validity, reliability, objectivity, and practicability suggests that the BI could be the best method to assess human body composition in vivo.
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| 79.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Aoki, Hiroki ; Sugimura, Hiroki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to clarify the difference in hand grip power in elderly males and females. The su
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bjects were 15 elderly males (mean age 65.6 ± 2.5 years, mean height 165.7 ± 6.0. cm, mean mass 63.9 ± 5.5. kg) and 15 elderly females (mean age 65.0 ± 2.6 years, mean height 155.2 ± 5.3. cm, mean mass 56.5 ± 7.3. kg). Peak velocity was measured by the dominant hand with loads of 30, 40 and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The MVC was significantly greater in males than in females. The peak velocity and the required time to reach peak velocity in all loads showed insignificant differences between both groups. Hand grip power was significantly greater in males than in females in all loads. In conclusion, elderly males have superior hand grip power compared to elderly females and this gender difference depends largely on MVC. The decrease in muscle contraction velocity in those main muscle groups related to hand grip movement accompanied by age may be greater in males than in females. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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| 80.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi ; Takahashi, Kenji ; Sugiura, Hiroki ; Uchida, Yuu
概要:
Context: It is important to develop a method to accurately measure controlled force exertion (CFE). Objectives: This stu
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dy aimed to examine the effect of maximum grip strength on CFE measured by a sinusoidal waveform in 81 right-handed young males aged 15-29 years. Methods: On the basis of grip strength measurements, participants were divided into the following three groups: low (males 20; mean age 19.5 years; standard deviation (SD) = 5.0 years), medium (males 41; mean age 22.8 years; SD = 4.2 years), and high (males 20; mean age 23.7 years; SD = 3.4 years). Participants adjusted the submaximal grip strength of the dominant hand with changes in the demand values that were displayed as a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 0.1 Hz on a computer screen. The abovementioned test was performed three times with a 1-min interval after one practice trial. Each trial lasted 40 s. The sum of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion strength value for 25 s was considered as the evaluation parameter. Results: Controlled force exertion values demonstrated insignificant correlations with age and maximum grip strength in all groups (r = 0.07; r = -0.12; p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between CFE mean scores that was adjusted for age and varying maximum grip strength in the three groups (F = 1.95; p > 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the sinusoidal waveform display, we inferred that maximum grip strength has little effect on CFE evaluation in young males. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Italia.
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| 81.
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Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
Vision contributes to upright postural control by providing afferent feedback to the cerebellum. Vision is generally cla
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ssified into central and peripheral vision, but little is known about the respective role of central and peripheral vision for postural control with different visual acuity levels. This study examined the influence of visual acuity and visual field conditions on upright posture. Eleven males (21.1 ± 2.0 yrs) and 15 females (22.2 ± 2.2 yrs) were classified into high (above 1.0 binocular vision) and low (below 0.3) visual acuity groups. Postural sway was measured for 1 min in each of three visual field conditions (central vision, full vision, and no vision). Participants were given only central visual information (central vision), central and peripheral visual information (full vision), or no visual information (no vision). The effect of central vision on postural sway was detected as a difference between no vision and central vision conditions, and the effect of peripheral vision was assessed as a difference between central vision and full vision conditions. The low visual acuity group decreased their sway amplitude in antero-posterior direction using central plus peripheral visual information, but the high visual-acuity group did not. The high frequency sway was significantly smaller in the low visual-acuity group than that in the high visual-acuity group under the no vision and central vision conditions. These findings suggest the necessity of considering participants' visual acuity in examining the role of the visual information from the central and peripheral visual fields.
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| 82.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Kasuga, Kosho ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
We aimed to examine the validity of fall risk assessment items for the healthy community-dwelling elderly Japanese popul
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ation. Participants were 1122 healthy elderly individuals aged 60 years and over (380 males and 742 females). The percentage who had experienced a fall was 15.8%. This study used fall experience and 50 fall risk assessment items representing the five risk factors (symptoms of falling, physical function, disease and physical symptom, environment, and behavior and character), as we described before. The accuracy of predicting fall experience from the total score or each risk factor score was examined by discriminant analysis. The percentage correctly distinguishing the faller from the total score was 14.4%, and that from the five risk factor scores was 39.7%. This percentage, when using each risk factor score as an independent variable, was 42.5% (symptom of falling), 0.6% (physical function score), 0.6% (disease and physical symptoms score), 0.0% (environment score), and 1.1% (behavior and character score), respectively. The best predictor of fall experience of the community-dwelling elderly was the "symptom of falling" score. For fall risk assessment of the community-dwelling elderly, both of screening of fall risk level and assessing risk profile comprehensively is important. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 83.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to assess individual and gender differences in power spectra in the body sway tim
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e series and sway velocity time series during a static upright standing posture using 30 preschool children and their spectrum distribution characteristics. The center of pressure (COP) movement for 1 min was measured twice with a 1 min rest on an Anima stabilometer. The data sampling frequency was 20 Hz. A power spectrum was calculated by applying a fast Fourier transform to time series data of X (medial/lateral) and Y (anterior/posterior) directions. The coefficient of variation (CV) over 10.0 of power was large (from 0.06 to 1.4 Hz in both directions), and as the frequency increased, the CV decreased. There were significant gender differences in the low frequency bands (less than 2.0 Hz), and almost all power of body sway time series and velocity time series were found in the low frequency bands (A and B sections) of the international standard. Individual differences were also large. The distribution of power spectra of their time series was different in both directions. These results suggest that the evaluation section of the existing international standard cannot properly evaluate periodic characteristics of body sway time series and sway velocity time series of preschool children. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2008.
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| 84.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to clarify the decreasing properties of, and to examine useful mea
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surement times for evaluating muscle endurance in a comparison among various parameters using measurement times of 1, 3 and 6 mins and target values of 50, 75 and 100% MVC. Fifteen males and 15 females participated in this study. All subjects carried out sustained isometric gripping under nine conditions of measurement times and target forces, (1, 3 and 6mins vs. 50, 75 and 100% MVC) with an interval of one or two days. The property of decreasing force in the initial phase (marked decreasing phase) differed among the target values, and the decreasing speed of the gripping force was highest for 100% MVC. However, the decreasing property after about 60 sec, in which the force decreased to about 30% MVC from the onset of grip, was similar among all target values, and then the gripping force reached an almost steady state phase at about 150-180 sec. In other words, the difference of the decreasing property during the initial phase with different target values was considered not to influence the property in the later phase, in which the force decreases to about 30% MVC. When muscle endurance is evaluated from the phase until reaching the steady state, it may be possible to evaluate the same property of the decreasing phase at 6 min as the measurement at 3 min. The measurement for 1 min at 50% MVC was not valid as an evaluation time because the grip force did not decrease enough. The integrated area in the initial phase was considered to depend on the magnitude of the target value, and the integrated area for 30 sec or 60 sec at 75% MVC was larger than that at 100% MVC. It was inferred that higher pain at 100% MVC resulted in a greater decrease in the speed of the force.
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| 85.
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Nakada, Masakatsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the properties and interrelationships of various force-ti
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me parameters including the inflection point for the rate of decline in force during a maximal repeated rhythmic grip. Fifteen healthy males (age M=21.5, SD=2.1 yr, height M=172.4, SD=5.7cm, body mass M=68.2, SD=9.2kg) participated in this study. Subjects performed a maximal repeated rhythmic grip with maximal effort with a target frequency of 30 grip・min^<-1> for 6min. The force value decreased linearly and markedly until about 70% of maximal strength for about 55s after the onset of a maximal repeated rhythmic grip, and then decreased moderately. Because all parameters showed fair or good correlations between 3min and 6min, they are considered to be able to sufficiently evaluate muscle endurance for 3 min instead of 6 min. However, there were significant differences between 3 min and 6 min in the integrated area, the final force, the rate of the decrement constant (k) fitting the force decreasing data to y=ae^<-kx>+b and the force of maximal difference between the force and a straight line from peak force to the final force. Their parameters may vary generally by the length of a steady state, namely, a measurement time. The final force value before finishing and the rate of the decrement constant (k) reflect the latter phase during a maximal repeated rhythmic grip. Although many parameters show relatively high mutual relationships, the rate constant (k) shows relatively low correlations with other parameters. We inferred that decreasing the time until 80% of maximal strength and the amount of the decrement force for the first 1 min reflect a linear decrease in the initial phase.
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| 86.
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Demura, Tomohiro ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />金沢大学自然科学研究科 生命科学専攻<br />This study aimed to clarify the relationships between loads and gait chang
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es and among gait parameters while walking with various loads. Fifteen healthy young male adults (mean age: 22.1±1.6 years) walked with four kinds of loads based on each subject's body mass (0, 20, 40, and 60% of body mass: BM) on his back. Walking speed, cadence, stance time, swing time, double support time, step length, step width, walking angle, and toe angle were selected as gait parameters. Walking speed, cadence, stance time, and double support time changed significantly with loads. The walking speed showed significant correlations with the swing time at 0% BM (r=−0.64) and the walking angle at 60% BM (r=−0.52). Significant correlations were found between swing time and double support time at 0, 20, and 40% BM (r=0.53–0.63) and between walking speed and step length at 40 and 60% BM (r=−0.61, −0.67). In conclusion, walking with loads produces large gait changes. The relationship between swing time, double support time, and walking speed, as well as between walking angle, step length, and walking speed changes greatly with loads. These changes may occur in order to maintain a stable posture.
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| 87.
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Nakada, Masakatsu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The contribution of physiological mechanisms involving force-exertion value during maximal repeate
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d rhythmic muscle contraction work changes over time. The purpose of this study was to examine the reproducibility of grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics with a decrease of the gripping force during maximal repeated rhythmic grip (RRG). Subjects were 10 males, aged 20-26 years (height 173.9±17.3cm, body weight 71.5±11.2kg). Each subject performed maximal repeated rhythmic grip as a target value with a target frequency of 30 grips mm for 6 mm. The trialto-trial reproducibility of Oxygenated haemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), Deoxy~enated haemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb), Total haemoglobin (Total Hb) and grip force during the RRG (6min) was very high (rxy=0.919-0.966) and the decreasing pattern of the force-time curve was consistent. The cross correlation coefficients of the grip force (rxy=0.985) and muscle oxygenation kinetics (Total Hb: 0.996, Oxy-Hb: 0.992, DeoxyHb: 0.995) in the pre-inflection phase (marked force decreasing phase) were very high, while these coefficients in the post-inflection phase (almost steady state phase) were low as compared with those in the pre-inflection phase. The trialto-trial reliabilities of any parameter regarding grip were fair or high (lCC=0.686-0.927). The changing points of muscle oxygenation kinetics appeared before reaching an almost steady state, which showed a high reliability and they were considered to reflect the shift of physiological mechanisms. In particular, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the time to reach maximum Deoxy-Hb and Oxy-Hb values and regression coefficient in an increasing phase of Oxy-Hb were t very high (ICC=0.894-0.947). It was found that the trial-totrial reproducibility of grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics is very high during the whole 6 mm in RRG, but is poor during the post-inflection phase. The reproducibility of the grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics in the phase before reaching an almost steady state during RRG is fair, and the decrease of the grip force in this phase may be influenced by the muscle oxygenation kinetics.
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| 88.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Minami, Masaki ; Kasuga, Kohsho
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to investigate the ADL ability characteristics of the elderly by com
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paring the characteristics to achieve basic activities between the independent and institutionalized dependent elderly from the viewpoints of gender and age differences. The subjects were 697 Japanese dependent elderly living at welfare institutions for the aged, and 482 independent elderly living at home. Seventy-four activities were selected from nine ADL domains. The survey for the independent elderly was conducted in health or culture education classes, and for the elderly without these classes, a general delivery survey was conducted. The independent elderly provided their own data. The survey for the dependent elderly was conducted in welfare institutions and the staff working at the subjects' institutions responded. In two-way ANOVA of rates of items, significant gender differences were found in some changing and holding posture activities in the independent elderly group, and in activities using upper extremities in the dependent elderly group. ADL ability in the independent elderly group significantly decreases with aging, but this trend is unclear in the dependent elderly group. In the independent elderly group, indications of a decrease appear in activities with lower limbs from the 70s, and appear in the most of basic activities from the 80s. Furthermore, differences in achievement levels of each activity with aging were found in both elderly groups. These findings may suggest that there are remarkable individual differences in ADL ability of the elderly with aging.
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| 89.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Nakada, Masakatsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to examine the relationships between force and subjective muscle-fatigue sensatio
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n (SMS), and muscle oxygenation kinetics during sustained static gripping using a progressive workload. Subjects consisted of 10 males (height 173.2±7.1 cm, body weight 70.3±15.1 kg, and age 21.1±1.5 years). They performed sustained static gripping with 7 gradually increasing relative demand values of 20% to 80% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The staging of the progressive workload was 10 s for 20% MVC, 20 s each for 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% MVC, and 10 s for 80% MVC. Borg's SMS was used to measure the fatigue sensation of the antebrachial region in a pre-test and every 10 s during the test. The time to reach minimum Oxy-Hb/Mb appeared at about 50 s (52.6±25.2 s) after the onset of sustained static gripping, and the time to reach maximum Deoxy-Hb/Mb occurred later at 90 s. Significant and high correlations (r±0.632-0.721) were found between the time to reach maximum Deoxy-Hb/Mb, and Peak Force Time and Average Force. Even though the demand values caused a workload increase and reached 50% MVC, the change of Total Hb/Mb and Oxy-Hb/Mb kinetics was relatively small. Therefore, the effect caused by an obstruction of blood volume may not occur during the progressive workload. It was determined that the contraction time after the peak of SMS is relatively short and an individual difference in force value expands in the phase where SMS reaches its peak.
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| 90.
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Goshi, Fumio ; Minami, Masaki ; Kobayashi, Hidetsugu ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />In the present study, the ADL index for the partially dependent older people (Demura et al., 1999)
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was applied to 218 bedridden (BED), 466 partilly dependent (PD) and 245 independent living (IL) people in older groups The purposes of this study were to clarify the meaning of the evaluation of this index and to examine how ADL items are useful in determining each older group. It is suggested that a perfect score with our ADL index means independent living level, and a score of zero means bedridden level. The results of discriminant analysis indicated that four items with low-difficulty, such as "eating, " "going to the toilet, " "tossing about in bed" and "writing, " are useful in determining if the PD is becoming bedridden. While five items with high-difficulty, such as "putting on slacks, " "putting on trousers, " "standing up from a sitting posture, " "going up stairs" and "washing the whole body, " are useful in determining if the PD is becoming independent living. Furthermore, it is inferred that the possibility of falling into a bedridden situation increases when the total score is 5 or less, while the functional level is close to independent living when the total score is 13 or more. These findings make clear the meaning of the evaluation of our ADL index. Furthermore, the functional level of older population may be screened using evaluation of total and item scores of this ADL index. J Physiol Anthropol 20 (6) : 321-326, 2001 http://www.jstage.jst, go.jp/en/
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| 91.
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the output properties of muscle power by the dominant upp
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er limb using SSC, and the relationships between the power output by SSC and a one-repetition maximum bench press (1 RM BP) used as a strength indicator of the upper body. Sixteen male athletes (21.4±0.9yr) participated in this study. They pulled a load of 40% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) at a stretch by elbow flexion of the dominant upper limb in the following three preliminary conditions: static relaxed muscle state (SR condition), isometric muscle contraction state (ISO condition), and using SSC (SSC condition). The velocity with a wire load via a pulley during elbow flexion was measured accurately using a power instrument with a rotary encoder, and the muscle power curve was drawn from the product of the velocity and load. Significant differences were found among all evaluation parameters of muscle power exerted from the above three conditions and the parameters regarding early power output during concentric contraction were larger in the SSC condition than the SR and ISO conditions. The parameters on initial muscle contraction velocity when only using SSC significantly correlated with 1RM BP (r=0.60-0.62). The use of SSC before powerful elbow flexion may contribute largely to early explosive power output during concentric contraction. Bench press capacity relates to a development of the above early power output when using SSC.
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| 92.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Minami, Masaki ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study compared the accuracy of body density (Db) estimation methods using hydrostatic weighin
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g without complete head submersion (HW^<withoutHS>) of Donnelly et al. (1988) and Donnelly and Sintek (1984) as referenced to Goldman and Buskirk's approach (1961). Donnelly et al.'s method estimates Db from a regression equation using HW^<withoutHS>, moreover, Donnelly and Sintek's method estimates it from HW^<withoutHS> and head anthropometric variables. Fifteen Japanese males (173.8±4.5 cm, 63.6±5.4 kg, 21.2±2.8 years) and fifteen females (161.4±5.4 cm, 53.8±4.8 kg, 21.0±1.4 years) participated in this study. All the subjects were measured for head length, width and HWs under the two conditions of with and without head submersion. In order to examine the consistency of estimation values of Db, the correlation coefficients between the estimation values and the reference (Goldman and Buskirk, 1961) were calculated. The standard errors of estimation (SEE) were calculated by regression analysis using a reference value as a dependent variable and estimation values as independent variables. In addition, the systematic errors of two estimation methods were investigated by the Bland-Altman technique (Bland and Altman, 1986). In the estimation, Donnelly and Sintek's equation showed a high relationship with the reference (r=0.960, p<0.01), but had more differences from the reference compared with Donnelly et al.'s equation. Further studies are needed to develop new prediction equations for Japanese considering sex and individual differences in head anthropometry.
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| 93.
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論文
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Nakada, Masakatsu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study is examined the effect of past and present lifestyle habits and nutrition on the osteos
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ono assessment index (OSI) in pre- and post-menopausal females. The subjects were 200 premenopausal females (38.8±10.3years) and 156 postmenopausal females (59.2±5.9 years). BMD (Body mineral density) was estimated by right-calcaneal OSI using an ultrasonic transmission method with an AOS-100 device (ALOKA). The number of postmenopausal females in the close examination and guidance required groups (80 cases: 51.3%) (OSI < 2.428) was significantly higher than that of premenopausal females (44 cases: 22.0%) (X2=33.105: P<0.000). In premenopausal females, the proportion of subjects that had not taken vitamin D in the past (in junior high school and high school) was significantly higher in the close examination-guidance required group (OSI < 2.428) than in the normal group (OSI ≥ 2.428). However, in postmenopausal females, there was no significant difference in past and present lifestyle habits and nutrition between the close examination-guidance required group and the normal group. In premenopausal females, it was determined that the intake of vitamin D during puberty increased the absorption of calcium significantly. © 2010 SciRes.
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| 94.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the comprehensive relationships between depression
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and the characteristics of lifestyle and quality of life (QOL) of healthy, community dwelling elderly, and compare them according to gender and age groups. 1302 subjects (657 males and 645 females) were used for analysis. The investigators in this study were researchers working at universities in each prefecture. Data collection was conducted in a general delivery survey and interview setting or an education class setting. The geriatric depression scale (GDS) consisting of 15 items with a dichotomous scale was used to assess depression symptoms in the elderly. In addition, 16 items selected from the four factors of economic situation, physical health, social activity, and personal status were used to assess lifestyle. Furthermore, this study investigated life satisfaction, morale, and physical function with the LSI scale, PGC morale scale and the ADL scale of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, respectively. According to our results, depression characteristics of the elderly differ between gender and age groups. Depression increases in the old-old elderly rather than in the young-old elderly and is highest in old-old females. The factors significantly related to depression in community dwelling elderly were the number of friends and morale. In particular, an increase in the number of friends was related to a decrease in depression. Depression in the old-old elderly was more significantly related to many lifestyle items compared with the young-old elderly, and especially in the old-old elderly, the extent of social activities related to a decrease in depression.
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| 95.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Nakada, Masakatsu ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between various force-time parameters
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and muscle oxygenation kinetics during maximal sustained isometric grip (SIG) and maximal repeated rhythmic grips (RRG) with different grip intervals (interval times: 5, 4, 3, and 2 s). Subjects were 10 healthy young males, aged 20-26 years (height 173.9±7.3 cm, body mass 71.5±11.2 kg). After measuring maximal grip force, each subject performed the SIG and RRG tests with a target frequency of 12, 15, 20, and 30 grips・min^<-1> (interval times: 5, 4, 3, and 2 s, respectively) for 6 min. The decreasing time until 80% MVC showed significant and high correlations with final force values in RRGs with over 3 s intervals (r=0.866-0.941), but not in the SIG and RRG with a 2 s interval. The time at the lowest Oxy-Hb/Mb value showed a significant and high correlation with the time at the highest Deoxy-Hb/Mb value only in the SIG and RRG with a 2 s interval (r=0.825-0.916). Oxy-Hb/Mb decreases markedly and deoxy-Hb/Mb increases after the onset of SIG due to the obstruction of blood flow caused by the increase in intramuscular pressure. A similar physiological response to that of SIG occurs also in RRG with a 2 s interval, but RRGs with intervals over 3 s achieve more resumption of blood flow in the muscular relaxation phase. Hence, in spite of the same RRGs, it was determined that RRGs with intervals over 3 s differ significantly in a changing pattern of grip force and muscle oxygen kinetics from RRGs with a 2 s interval.
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| 96.
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論文
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />This study aimed to examine the relationships between muscle power output using the st
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retch-shortening cycle (SSC) and maximum strength, as measured by the 1 RM (1 repetition maximum) test and the isokinetic dynamometer under elbow flexion. Sixteen trained, young adult males pulled a constant load of 40% MVC (maximum voluntary elbow flexion contraction) by ballistic elbow flexion under the following two preliminary conditions: 1) the static relaxed muscle state (SR condition) and 2) using the SSC (SSC condition). Muscle power was determined from the product of the pulling velocity and load mass by a power measurement instrument with a rotary encoder. The 1 RM bench press (1RM BP) and isokinetic maximum strength under elbow flexion with the Cybex-325 were measured as indicators of dynamic maximum strength. 1) The early power output exerted under the SSC condition showed a significant and high correlation with the 1 RM BP (r = 0.83), but only moderate correlation with the isokinetic muscle strength (r = 0.50-0.67). 2) The contribution of the 1 RM BP to the early muscle contraction velocity exerted under the SSC condition was large. These results suggested that muscle power exerted using the SSC shows a stronger relationship with maximum muscle strength measured by a 1 RM test rather than isokinetic maximum strength. © 2008, National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 97.
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論文
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Miyaguchi, Kazuyoshi ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />石川県立大学<br />Miyaguchi, K and Demura, S. Gender difference in ability using the stretch-shortening
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cycle in the upper extremities. J Strength Cond Res 23(1): 231-236, 2009-A gender difference in ability using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC ability) in the upper extremities has not been studied in detail. This study aimed to devise an index to evaluate SSC ability during powerful elbow flexion and to examine its gender differences. Thirty-three men athletes (19.9 ± 1.0 years) and 21 women athletes (20.6 ± 1.2 years) with mastered SSC movements participated in this study. They pulled a 20% load of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) by elbow flexion as quickly as possible with the dominant upper extremity from the following two preliminary conditions: a static relaxed muscle state (SR condition) and using a countermovement (SSC condition). The muscle power was measured accurately by a power measurement device, which adopted the weight loading method. The peak power under both conditions showed significantly higher values in men than in women. In both genders, the peak power showed significantly lower values in the SSC condition than in the SR condition (p < 0.05). The potentiation of using the SSC was not found in the peak power test. However, the initial power showed significantly higher values under the SSC condition (men: 37.2 ± 6.4 W; women: 17.4 ± 5.1 W) than in the SR condition (men: 18.3 ± 4.3 W; women: 11.2 ± 3.1 W). Hence, assuming a difference between initial muscle power outputs of the SR and SSC conditions as a difference in SSC ability, an SSC index was devised to evaluate the above ability. The SSC index showed significantly higher values in men (50.1 ± 12.4) than in women (32.1 ± 23.2). However, the individual difference of SSC ability was very large in women. The ability of women to use SSC in the upper extremities may be inferior to that of men. © 2009 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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| 98.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Measurement of subcutaneous fat thickness with a skinfold caliper is a simple and inexpensive tech
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nique for assessment of body composition, but is influenced by the skin site or the obesity level. The resulting measurement errors may influence the prediction accuracy of body density. We therefore aimed to clarify the characteristics of measurement errors with a skinfold caliper and to determine useful measurement sites for the prediction of body density in Japanese adults of wide-ranging age and obesity levels. The present study included 126 Japanese male and 77 female subjects ranging from 21 to 81 years old. They were divided into a "non-obese group" and an "obese group", based on the Japanese criteria of obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured at 14 sites with a skinfold caliper and ultrasound. Percent body fat was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and body density was calculated using Brozek's formula. Sex and obesity level differences in the measurement error of skinfolds (ultrasound minus skinfold caliper measurements) were examined by 2 × 2 ANOVA (sex and obesity groups) for each site. The relationship between body density and the systematic error was examined. We developed an accurate prediction equation for body density with smaller measurement and systematic errors. Although measurement errors in skinfold thickness tended to increase with increasing obesity levels, the influence was smaller for the abdominal and suprailiac skinfolds compared with other sites. Measurement of suprailiac or abdominal skinfold thickness is useful to accurately estimate body density in Japanese adults. © 2007 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 99.
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論文
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Kitabayashi, Tamotsu ; Yamada, Takayoshi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />福井大学医学部<br />The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of holding a package with one
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hand on the center of foot pressure (CFP) during a static upright posture. Fifteen healthy male adults kept the posture for 1 minute while holding a weight corresponding to 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of maximal jerk strength with one hand. Body sway during a static upright posture with each weight was evaluated by the CFP deflection. Before the CFP test, the bilateral difference of body weight was measured with each load weight to reveal the shift of the center of gravity. In the results of one-way ANOVA, the bilateral difference of body weight increased significantly between the weight conditions. The four mean factor scores of CFP tended to increase above 30% of maximal jerk strength (factors 1, 3, and 4) or 40% (factor 2). There was no significant difference between mean factor scores in load weights from 0% to 30% in any factor. There is little CFP deflection for upright postural control with package weights up to 30%. However, over 40% there is a large CFP deflection, and the tendency is to keep the posture with high frequency CFP sway. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 100.
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論文
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Sato, Susumu ; Demura, Shinichi ; Minami, Masaki ; Kasuga, Kohsho
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The present study aimed to evaluate the utility of the activities of daily living (ADL) index for
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partially dependent elderly people (ADL-PDI) when applied longitudinally to an institutionalized partially dependent (PD) group, and to determine the characteristics of the longitudinal change in ADL ability of the PD group. The subjects were ten Japanese PD living at welfare institutions for the aged such as accredited nursing homes and health facilities (mean age was 82.2 ± 2.32 years in total; 84.3 ± 4.18 years for five males; 80.3 ± 2.33 years for five females). The questionnaire consisted of the ADL-PDI, the Barthel index (BI), physical independence, dementia independence, anamnesis, body impairments, use of assisting devices, the institutionalized period, and type of medical rehabilitation and medical treatment, and was administered to the subjects twice during their institutionalized period. All testers were staff working at the subjects' institution, such as occupational therapists, physiotherapists and nurses. The result of the longitudinal ADL assessment was that ADL-PDI may evaluate the longitudinal change in ADL ability on a unidimensional scale. The utility of the standard for discriminating the functional level of the elderly using the ADL-PDI score, which was indicated in our previous study (Sato et al., 2001), was supported by longitudinal data. Furthermore, the BI was superior to the ADL-PDI in evaluating the disabled elderly with lower functional levels. However, the ADL-PDI was better than the BI in evaluating the disabled elderly with a higher functional level and was considered to have wider applications in evaluating the ADL ability of the elderly.
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