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論文

論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: Intercultural communication studies : ICS.  27  pp.115-132,  2018.  Institute for Cross-Cultural Research
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061316
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Persons or objects on signs seem to have a culturally preferred direction of facing (Kumakura, 1 990). Is such a difference in direction also true of pictures on traffic signs between Japan and Germany? People in Japan and Germany drive on the left and the right side of the road, respectively. In this respect, a question arises: Does the difference between left-hand and right-hand traffic in these two countries influence the way the pictures on traffic signs face? The aim of this study is threefold: 1) to collect functionally equivalent traffic signs in Japan and Germany; 2) to compare the pictures on the signs between these countries with respect to their facing directions; and 3) to try to clarify whether and to what extent differences in facing directions are found on the traffic signs. The results are expected to contribute to the study of the relationship between writing directions and facing directions of pictures. 続きを見る
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論文

論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: Intercultural communication studies : ICS.  28  pp.152-169,  2019.  Institute for Cross-Cultural Research
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061317
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />This study focuses on functionally equivalent, but semantically different sign expressions in Ja panese and German, such as o-nori-no-sai-wa tesuri-ni o-tsukamarikudasai [Literally, “when steping on, please grip handrail”], kiiroi-sen-no uchigawani o-tachi-kudasai [please stand inside yellow line], oriru sai-wa o-oashimoto-ni gochūi-kudasai [“when getting off, please pay attention to under foot”], and o-ko-sama tsure-no kata-wa o-ko-sama-no te-o totte o-nori-kudasai [“person with child is asked to ride on taking child’s hand”] in Japanese versus its German counterpart Benutzung auf eigene Gefahr [“using at your own risk”], which are posted near escalators. This example tells us that the Japanese sign consists of four concrete sentences whereas the German one presents a simple and abstract sentence. Such correspondents cannot be adequately explained from only construal and politeness perspectives. In this study, such corresponding expressions in Japanese and German will be contrasted to find out what information is relevant to each society. The results will reveal what communicative behaviors are expected in corresponding situations between Japan and Germany, which can contribute to efficient intercultural communication. 続きを見る
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論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: Intercultural communication studies : ICS.  25  pp.156-167,  2016.  Institute for Cross-Cultural Research
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061318
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />By comparing some functionally equivalent routine formulas in Japaneseand German in correspondin g situations, it is hypothesized that different strategies arereflected in formulation patterns of routine formulas in both languages. For example,different expressions are used by parents in Japanese and German if their childbumps into a post. The two expressions are often used in corresponding situations inboth Japan and Germany and can therefore be regarded as functionally equivalent,although the used strategies differ, i.e., the Japanese expression is based on sharing thedangerous situation between the parent and the child, whereas the German one focuseson providing an appropriate direction to the child. Comparing such functionallyequivalent routine formulas suggests that they reflect different strategies, includingpoliteness, in corresponding situations. This study tested this hypothesis by comparingfunctionally equivalent routine formulas uttered in corresponding apologetic situationsin the socialization process of controlling children’s social behavior in Japan andGermany. The results confirm the hypothesis and suggest that the difference in strategy influences the communicative behaviors of Japanese and German speakers. Concerning politeness, the results reveal the aspects considered polite in corresponding routineformulas of the two languages. Furthermore, the communicative normality of each language is also reflected in its respective routine formulas and focus of attention in interactions. This information may be applied toward more efficient foreign language teaching. 続きを見る
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論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: Intercultural communication studies : ICS.  23  pp.110-123,  2014.  Institute for Cross-Cultural Research
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061319
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to compare functionally equivalent English, German, and Ja panese sign expressions in public spaces with respect to politeness and (2) to reveal whether and how politeness is formulated in sign expressions in each language in relation to explicitness. A total of 208 Japanese and 198 German sign expressions were collected through fieldwork. Among them, 35 functionally equivalent correspondence pairs between the two languages were confirmed, and they were compared, along with their English equivalents, with respect to politeness. The results showed that English signs tend to use explicit expressions, whereas Japanese signs frequently contain honorific items, and German signs use infinitive phrases to avoid mentioning personal relationships. Based on these findings, it is pointed out that each language has its preferred styles of politeness, even for sign expressions, which are expected to give relevant information or instructions to passengers in a clear, direct manner. 続きを見る
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論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: Intercultural communication studies : ICS.  22  pp.110-123,  2013.  Institute for Cross-Cultural Research
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061320
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Interest in the linguistic study of perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulate d has been revived in the past 20 years, due to the recent development of cognitive linguistics. Among the many contributions to the study of such perspectives, Ikegami (2000) clearly showed that Japanese differs from English, through a comparison of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. However, there has been little discussion on the methods employed for comparison in the studies on this topic. The purpose of the present paper is threefold: (1) to describe what methodological problems are recognized in previous contrastive studies on the perspectives, especially in the field of cognitive linguistics; (2) in order to avoid methodological problems, to propose an alternative method for a more objective comparison of the perspectives between two languages; and (3) to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method for contrasting formulation patterns in terms of their perspective by some of the data obtained. 続きを見る
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論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: Intercultural communication studies : ICS.  19  pp.55-63,  2010.  Institute for Cross-Cultural Research
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061321
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />The present paper discusses the different perspectives from which Japanese and German speakers f ormulate utterances. It was hypothesized that these different perspectives are reflected not only in evaluating concepts of communicative behavior, but also in routine formulas for controlling communicative behavior in Japanese and German. This hypothesis was examined by comparing two pairs of functionally equivalent routine formulas in Japanese and German. Furthermore, a questionnaire was administered to compare other Japanese and German routine formulas possibly used in corresponding situations. The results confirmed that in Japanese, linguistic formulation patterns relate to the empathy felt by the speaker toward an interlocutor, arising from the perspective of their situation, whereas in German, these tend to depend on an opposition between the participants involved, characterized by a perspective external to their situation. Because the data employed in the present study are limited, the hypothesis should be verified using extensive data. The results of this study helps clarify the possible misunderstandings between Japanese and German speakers, owing to the different linguistic formulation patterns employed, and could promote more efficient foreign language teaching. 続きを見る
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論文
Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
出版情報: 19 ICL (19th International Congress of Linguists) Papers.  19  pp.9p.-,  2013-07.  19th International Congress of Linguists (19 ICL)
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061322
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Research on the perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulated has increased in t he past 20 years due to the development of cognitive linguistics. For example, Ikegami (2000) showed that Japanese and English speakers employ different perspectives by comparing the opening sentence of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. Similarly, Narita (2009) compared sentences from literary texts with their translations in Japanese and German. However, these studies analyzing literary text translations contain little discussion on the validity of the translation-based comparison method, particularly in terms of comparability and objectivity. This paper has three purposes: (1) to claim that the original and translation-based methods are not always appropriate for perspective studies; (2) to propose, as an alternative method, comparing functionally equivalent formulas used on public signs, i.e., Watch your step, Keep out, and Out of Service; and (3) to show how Japanese differs from German in the perspectives from which corresponding expressions in the two languages are formulated. Expressions were collected from signs on buses, trains, and railway stations in Japan and Germany. Examples include Haire-masen/Kein Eingang (‘No entrance’), Senro-ni orite-wa ike-masen/Ausstieg verboten (‘Do not go down to the railway track’), and ishitsubutsu-gakari/Fundbüro (‘Lost and found’). Functionally equivalent expressions were selected for the analysis. For example, a formula telling bus passengers that the bus will stop at the next station is Tsugi tomari-masu (next.TOP stop.HON) in Japanese and Wagen hält (vehicle.NOM stop.PRES) in German. These corresponding expressions can be compared syntactically and semantically. The former has no surface-level subject; it conveys that “I” and “we” or the bus will stop at the next station. The scene is described from the perspective inside the situation, i.e., from within the bus. The latter has a third-person subject, Wagen, signifying that the bus is observed from the perspective outside the situation. These different perspectives and their occurrence distributions are shown through the comparison of corresponding sign expressions. The analysis reveals that Japanese tends to formulate expressions from a perspective inside the scene where the event occurs, whereas German expresses sentences from the perspective outside the scene.<br />19th International Congress of Linguists(19 ICL), 21-27 July 2013 Geneva 続きを見る
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論文
西嶋, 義憲 ; Nishijima, Yoshinori
出版情報: 社会言語科学 = The Japanese journal of language in society.  21  pp.175-190,  2018.  社会言語科学会 = The Japanese Association of Sociolinguistic Sciences
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061323
概要: 金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />異なる言語間の対応する言語表現を比較する場合,どのようにすればより客観的で妥当な比較が可能になるのかを考察する.従来,言語間の比較の際,とくに認知言語学分野では翻訳を利用する研究が多く見られた .しかしながら,翻訳を用いた比較は比較可能性という観点から問題がないわけではない.その問題点を確認し,それとは異なる新たな比較方法を提案し,それによる成果を紹介する.<br />The aim of this study is to consider the possibility of a more objective comparison of equivalent expressions of two languages. In comparing linguistic expressions of two languages, especially in cognitive linguistics, translations have been often used. However, comparisons using translations can be problematic. In this study, problems of translation-based comparison are discussed and a new method for a more objective linguistic comparison of two languages is proposed. Some results of the studies based on this method are also described as case studies. 続きを見る
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論文
Mukaida, Naofumi ; Nakamoto, Yasunari ; 向田, 直史 ; 中本, 安成
出版情報: World Journal of Gastroenterology.  24  pp.1839-1858,  2018-05-07.  W J G Press / Baishideng Publishing Group Co
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061539
概要: 金沢大学がん進展制御研究所<br />Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from noncancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC. © The Author(s) 2018.<br />Supported by (in part) Research Programs on the Innovative Development and Application for New Drugs for Hepatitis B (No. 17fk0310116h0001) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) and Extramural Collaborative Research Grant of Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University. 続きを見る
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論文
佐無田, 光
出版情報: 地域政策研究年報.  2019  pp.1-15,  2019-03.  金沢大学人間社会研究域附属地域政策研究センター — CURES
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2297/00061541