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Tazaki, Kazue ; Ishida, Hideki ; 田崎, 和江 ; 石田, 秀樹
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系
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田崎, 和江 ; 田崎, 史江 ; 奥野, 正幸 ; 竹原, 照明 ; 石垣, 靖人 ; 中川, 秀昭 ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Tazaki, Fumie ; Okuno, Masayuki ; Takehara, Teruki ; Ishigaki, Yasuhito ; Nakagawa, Hideki
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />イタリア・トスカーナ州南部のマレンマという地域には，イオウ臭が強くpH7，水温37°Cの棚田状のサトゥルニア天然温泉がある．本研究では，サトゥルニア天然温泉で産出される，豆石，褐色石灰岩および緑
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色バイオマットについて，化学組成，鉱物組成，微生物的特徴を調べた．全岩試料のXRD分析により，豆石は方解石，自然硫黄，石英から構成されており，褐色石灰岩は雲母，自然硫黄，菱沸石，7 Å粘土鉱物から構成されていることを明らかにした．また，全岩試料のXRF分析により，褐色石灰岩にはO，Si，Al，K，Ca，Fe，Naが多く，豆石にはC，O，Ca，Sr，Sが多いことを明らかにした．更に，豆石の断面をSEM-EDSで観察・分析・元素濃度分布図を行ったところ，全岩試料のXRDおよびXRF分析では検出されなかった微生物とSrを含むフランボイダル黄鉄鉱や燐灰石が発見された．<br />A well-known terrace-forming hot spring is located at Saturnia in the Maremma area of southern Toscana, Italy. The waters are circumneutral (pH around 7), mesophilic (around 37°C), and give off a strong sulfurous odor. Pisoliths, brown limestone, and green microbial mats are found in the area. Hot spring structures and compositions are determined based on mineralogical and chemical data obtained with a powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and an X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF). Microbial parameters are determined on sub-millimeter scales using a scanning electron microscope, equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS).XRD results indicate that the pisoliths are composed of calcite, native sulfur, and quartz, whereas the brown limestone contains mica, native sulfur, chabazite, and 7 Å clay minerals. XRF analysis indicates that the pisoliths contain mainly C, O, Ca, S, Si, and Sr, whereas the brown limestone contains high concentrations of O, S, Al, K, Ca, Fe, and Na. Because the pisoliths are Ca-rich, concentrations of heavy metals (Sr, Sn, and Pb) at the aqueous interface can be explained by combining XRF chemistry, XRD mineralogy, and SEM-EDS observations of green microbial mats. SEM-EDS elemental maps of the pisolith indicate the presence of apatite and framboidal pyrite crystals.
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田崎, 和江 ; Tazaki, Kazue
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系
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田崎, 和江 ; 縄谷, 奈緒子 ; 国峯, 由貴江 ; 森川, 俊和 ; 名倉, 利樹 ; 脇元, 理恵 ; 朝田, 隆二 ; 渡辺, 弘明 ; 永井, 香織 ; 池田, 頼正 ; 佐藤, 一博 ; 瀬川, 宏美 ; 宮田, 浩志郎 ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Nawatani, Naoko ; Kunimine, Yukie ; Morikawa, Toshikazu ; Wakimoto, Rie ; Asada, Ryuji ; Watanabe, Hiroaki ; Nagai, Kaori ; Ikeda, Yorimasa ; Sato, Kazuhiro ; Segawa, Hiromi ; Miyata, Koshirou
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />1991年12月,排砂ゲートを設けた出し平ダム(富山県黒部川水系1985年設立)から,初の直接排砂が行われ,その際,多量のヘドロが排出された.その後も1999年までに計8回の排砂が行われた.本研
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究において,出し平ダム湖および富山湾堆積物の特性について分析を行った.その結果,特に芦野沖にヘドロが堆積していること,そして,富山湾堆積物は他の湾堆積物と比べカオリン鉱物,スメクタイトが多く,出し平ダム湖堆積物と類似した粘土鉱物組成を持つことが明らかとなった.実験より,ニジマスのエラにスメクタイトが吸着することで,エラの変形や脱水を引き起こすことが明らかとなり,また,富山湾で採取されたヒラメのエラ表面が,微細粒子で覆われているのが観察された.以上の結果と1991年から1999年の出し平ダム排砂量とヒラメの漁獲量の変遷には密接な関係が認められ,ダム湖や富山湾底質の経時変化を観察することの重要性が示された.<br />In 1985, a dam with a discharge gate was built at Dashidaira at Kurobe River, Toyama Prefecture for the first time in Japan. The dam sediments were first flushed out in December, 1991. The sediments with bad smell, such as sludge, spread all over the downstream of Kurobe River. After the first discharge of the dam sediments, benthic fishes decreased year by year in Toyama Bay. In this study, the sediments in Dashidaira Dam Reservoir and Toyama Bay were collected in 1997, 2000 and 2001. The Toyama Bay sediments which were considered to have been affected by discharged dam sediments were collected on July 20, 2000, November 19, 2000, and March 3, 2001. The sediments in the dam reservoir and the bay were studied chemically, physically and mineralogically for comparative study. The quantity of clay minerals, mainly smectite, increase toward the discharge gate at Dashidaira Dam. The distribution of clay minerals approximately corresponded to distribution of the N, C, and S concentration in Toyama Bay. XRD data show similar clay mineral components and patterns between dam sediments and suspended particles from the seabed at the offing of Kurobe River mouth. The sediments in Dashidaira Dam Reservoir and Toyama Bay contain relatively high content of kaolin minerals associated with chlorite, vermiculite, smectite, and mica clay minerals compared with sediments of the other bays. Rainbow trouts in water with smectite suspension result clearly indicated the damage to the fish. In the highest concentration of smectite (lOg/l), all 7 rainbow trouts died in five hours. The fish's gills were deformed and dehydrated, suggesting influence of smectite particles adhered to the surface of the gills. Furthermore, SEM observation and EDX analysis of the flat fish's gill in Toyama Bay clearly showed the presence of particle-like thin films with organic materials sticking on the surface. The volume of discharged sediments from Dashidaira Dam Reservoir is clearly related to the decrease of annual haul of benthic fishes in Toyama Bay within the past nine years (1991-1999).
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田崎, 和江 ; Tazaki, Kazue
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />Our atmosphere, oceans, sediments and soils, all reflect major or minor influences of the biosphe
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re. In the sediments, erosion of the topsoil, complex mixture of clay minerals and carbon compounds, is one of crisis in the world economy. Clay mineralogist concerned with the sediments and mineral deposits must understand weathering processes plus microorganisms in detail. Bacteria must be important in all transport processes of elements between sediments and water systems. In the atmosphere, fine particles, such as clays, loess and fly ash produced by combusion of fossil fuels are biologically and chemically recycling in our planet. The consequences of a massive increase in the use of coal or other fossil carbon sources give the global atomospheric increase of CO2N2O, acid gases, etc.Modern electron microscopic techniques and the new array of computer surface techniques, ESCA, Auger, SIMS, etc. have made it possible to see Å level structures, and chemistry of the fine particles. Examples of such fine mineralogical particles in the surface environment are described in this paper.
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田崎, 和江 ; 森, 忠洋 ; 野中, 資博 ; 野田, 修司 ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Mori, Tadahiro ; Nonaka, Tsuguhiro ; Noda, Shuji
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />Concrete sewer pipe was heavily corroded by sulfate which was produced by sulfur oxidizing bacter
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ia in the Ohmuta region of Japan. The corroded materials were studied mineralogically to gain a better understanding of the corrosion mechanism. The formation of jarosite KFe3 (SO4) 2 (OH) 6, as a result of reaction between sulfate and hydration products of portland cement, were found in the most corroded part of concrete sewer pipe. The sulfate-generated corrosion is grouped into several zones on the base of differences in the mineral formation of secondary products:Zone A & B; Jarosite formation zone, Zone C; Fe-rich zone,Zone D; gypsum formation zone, Zone E; Fe-rich zone,Zone F; Cracking zone, Zone G; Fresh concrete zone.Zones A-E in the corroded parts include expansion, loss strength and stiffness and disintegration, whereas Zones E and F show cracking and brown rim stained with iron oxides. In Zone G, ettringite crystals are formed under conditions of high pH. Since hydrated cements containing considerable amount of large ettringite crystals show high strength but no expansion.In order to evaluate the relative effects of corrosion of concrete, the rates of K-feldspar dissolution have been analized by EDAX-step scanning. The dissolution process of K-feldspar was observed that Al and K contents were rapidly decreased near rim, within 2μm region, whereas Fe content was increased.The results of these analyses indicate that the effect of K component from K-feldspar dissolution is important factor to form jarosite at pH of 3.5-4.0. The dissolution mechanism of K-feldspar and the addition of Fe component are changed significantly due to the corrosion of concretes.
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田崎, 和江 ; Tazaki, Kazue
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />By using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy dispersive electron-mic
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roprobe analyzer, genetical relationships between micro-morphology and chemical composition of kaolin minerals were investigated.The TEM observation revealed that the kaolinite specimens, which show a 7Å basal reflection in X-ray diffraction diagram, are commonly mixtures of particles with various morphology such as film, hexagonal plate and long tube (Table 1). The chemical compositions of these kinds of particles are different from one another as shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Triangular plot of SiO2, Al2O3 and ΣFeO of the Kibushi clay (No.7 in Fig.2) shows limited chemistry of each morphology with slight overlap that SiO2 content of the film of indefinite primitive form is less than that of hexagonal plate, whereas, ΣFeO is lower in the latter. However, the chemistry of the Austria kaolin (No.5 in Fig.2) shows the reverse trend in SiO2 content. This reverse trend might suggest the difference in the source material.
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堀坂, 明生 ; 田崎, 和江 ; 野田, 修司 ; Horisaka, Akio ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Noda, Shuji
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />Biomineralization of pyrite has been found inside of diatom cell in sludge (Hedoro) of Lake Nakau
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mi. Direct observations by using SEM equipped with BSI, and EDX revealed formation processes of microbial pyrite. In sludge (0-2.5cm depth) numerous diatoms (Coscinodiscus nitidus) form several framboidal pyrite (5μm diameter) inside cell. The framboidal pyrite are coated by thin film compose of Fe and S that is the almost same composition as pyrite. The BSI image shows slightly weak dense on the surface of film suggesting presence of organics. Chemical composition of normal diatom cell is alomst pure Si. On the other hand, the diatom forming pyrite shows elementary differences between girdle and valve. Chemistory of the girdle shows Fe and S elements indicating substitution of Si. Quantity of Fe and S increases outside to inside of girdle. The formation process of framboidal pyrite inside cell is as follows: The first step is formation of spherical FeS mineral (pyrrhotite), next step is a mixture of pyrite and pyrrhotite by adding S and dehydration. Then the mixture makes a rough framboid. Hexahedron and pentagonal dodecahedron are the characteristic crystal habits of framboidal pyrite in diatom. Some framboidal pyrite coated by thin film of clays with organics. Dozens of framboid aggregate form a ball 50μm in diameter. Formation of framboidal pyrite in diatom should be initially controlled by organics of biofilm.
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田崎, 和江 ; 荒谷, 美智 ; 矢野 , 倉実 ; 海保, 邦夫 ; 野田, 修司 ; Tazaki, Kazue ; Aratani, Michi ; Yanokura, Minoru ; Kaiho, Kunio ; Noda, Shuji
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />Spherical heating-shocked mica clays are found in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary sediments in
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the eastern district of Hokkaido, northernmost Japan. The K-T boundary sediments contain relatively high Ir concentrations suggesting an asteroid struck the Earth and caused mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous. Foraminifera are totally absent in the grayish black clay. Mineralogical investigations of the claystone have been carried out by the use of X-ray powder diffraction, high resolution electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and heavy-iron Rutherford scattering. Singularity of clay minerals of a continuous stratigraphic section spanning the K-T boundary reveals that the spherical interstratified clay in < 2μm fraction are largely decomposed. The spherical clay shows characteristic stacking disorder of 14Å, 10Å, 7Å phase, which is suggested to be heating eventsin the K-T boundary.
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田崎, 和江 ; Tazaki, Kazue
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金沢大学理工研究域地球社会基盤学系<br />Imogolite was studied by the scanning electron microscope. Imogolite which examined was separated
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from Kurayoshi pumice beds. The samples were dried successively in the sealed vessel at critical point of CO2. This drying method exceeds in preservation of natural surface of imogolite than that of air-drying.The form of imogolite was observed as fibres-like threads. The threads were curled and entangled forming nets which were piled up one above the other. The diameter of these threads ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 μm.
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