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| 1.
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佐川, 岳人 ; 西, 香菜子 ; 納富, 美穂 ; 平岡, 龍之 ; 塚本, 和巳 ; 早川, 和一 ; Sagawa, Takehito ; Nishi, Kanako ; Notomi, Miho ; Hiraoka, Tatsuyuki ; Tsukamoto, Kazumi ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域自然システム学系<br />生スィートバジルを乾燥する際に引き起こされる香りの変化を，香気成分バランスやスィートバジルの組織構造とそのレオロジー特性について，比較解析を行う事で，生スィートバジルの香りを維持する為に必要とさ
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れる因子の探索を行った．スィートバジルの香気寄与成分として特定したシネオール，リナロール，オイゲノール，オクタナール，1-オクタノール，(E)-2-ヘキセナール，(Z)-3-ヘキセノールの7種類の香気成分は官能評価の特徴を説明する因子となると考えられる．その中でも，生スィートバジルの香りを特徴づける因子としては，微量成分バランスが大きな役割を果たし，ハーブ自体には (E)-2ヘキセナールや (Z)-3-ヘキセノールが存在するが，それがハーブティーに溶出されずオクタナールが高い比率で溶出されることが重要であった．そのような性質を持つ組織構造は，葉内部の細胞壁の形状が乾燥工程を経ても維持されており，その状態は貯蔵弾性率の測定でも比較説明が可能であることが明らかになった．これらの結果により，ハーブの組織構造とハーブティーとして溶出される香気成分バランスに密接な関係がある可能性が示唆された．但し，今回確認された (E)-2-ヘキセナールや (Z)-3-ヘキセノールはみどりの香りと称される物質の1つである．これらの物質は植物中のリノレン酸や配糖体を前駆体として酵素が関与し発現するものであり12)，食品加工時に発生することも知られている14）～16) ．今後は配糖体量の変化と酵素の関係についても検討を行い，組織構造変化の香りに対する影響をより明確にしてゆく必要があると考える．しかしながら，細胞壁の損傷が少ない状態であった真空乾燥スィートバジルが生特有の香りを保持していたという事実から，乾燥工程を経ることで喫食時に感じる香りの違いは，単純な香気成分の増減という因子だけではなく，組織構造変化という因子からも説明できる可能性が示唆された．乾燥ハーブの香りに対する品質評価を行う上で，乾燥ハーブからハーブティーに抽出されてゆく香気成分のバランス変化や内部組織構造変化の比較といった多面的なアプローチは，今後の有効な評価手法の1つとなることが期待できる．<br />A quality evaluation method for dried herbs was studied with sweet basil leaves (fresh, air-dried, freeze-dried and vacuum-dried sweet basil leaves) as herbal teas, involving hot-water extraction. Sensory evaluation revealed that the flavor of herbal tea with vacuum-dried sweet basil leaves was similar to that with fresh leaves. Seven odor-active compounds (cineole, linalool, eugenol, octanal, 1-octanol, (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenol) from herbal teas were identified by capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry and olfactometry analysis, and it was considered that three compounds (octanal, (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenol) were key compounds for describing the results of sensory evaluation. The structure of dried sweet basil leaves with water-absorption and fresh leaves was observed by differential interference contact microscopy, and their rheological characteristics were measured for storage modulus. As a result, the characteristics of vacuum-dried sweet basil were similar to those of fresh basil. These results suggest that investigation of the aroma using hot-water extraction, tissue structure and rheological characteristics could be effective approaches to qualitatively evaluate dried herbs.
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| 2.
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論文
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神山, 和夫 ; 小池, 益人 ; 平尾, 宜司 ; 鳥羽, 陽 ; 早川, 和一 ; Koyama, Kazuo ; Koike, Masuhito ; Hirao, Takashi ; Toriba, Akira ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域自然システム学系<br />製造工程中に起きるデンプンの部分糊化が，レトルトカレーの最終粘度に及ぼす影響を調べた．レトルトカレーの粘度は，煮込みとそれに続くレトルト殺菌工程で，原料中のデンプンが糊化することで上昇する．しか
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し，煮込み工程前の原料混合工程の温度が高過ぎると，最終粘度が十分に上昇しないことが経験的にわかっている．そこで，原料混合工程の温度とデンプンの糊化状態をアミロース溶出度，膨潤度，動的粘弾性および示差走査熱量分析から調べ，最終粘度との関係を考察した．その結果，原料混合工程の温度が65℃以上であると，デンプンの部分糊化が起こるため，その後の煮込み工程と殺菌工程での粘度上昇は抑制されることがわかった．<br />The effect of partial gelatinization of starch during precooking operation on the final viscosity of retort curry at serving temperature was investigated. While the increase in the viscosity of retort curry is largely due to the starch gelatinization during the heating processes of cooking and sterilization, it is known empirically that a high temperature during the material mixing operation before cooking may result in a lower final viscosity. The relationship between the temperature and the partial starch gelatinization during material mixing was therefore studied by measuring amylose leaching, swelling ratio, dynamic viscoelasticity, and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). When the mixing temperature was at or higher than 65℃, the starch was partially gelatinized under the low water condition, and as the result, the increase in the viscosity during cooking and sterilization was suppressed. This finding is expected to be useful in controlling the viscosity of starch-containing retort foods.
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| 3.
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論文
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Bekki, Kanae ; Toriba, Akira ; Ning, Tang ; Kameda, Takayuki ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi ; 戸次, 加奈江 ; 鳥羽, 陽 ; 唐, 寧 ; 亀田, 貴之 ; 早川, 和一
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域自然システム学系<br />Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are included in various environmental pollutants such as
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airborne particles and have been reported to induce a variety of toxic effects. On the other hand, PAH derivatives are generated from PAHs both through chemical reaction in the atmosphere and metabolism in the body.PAH derivatives have become known for their specific toxicities such as estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities and oxidative stress, and correlations between the toxicities and structures of PAH derivatives have been shown in recent studies. These studies are indispensable for demonstrating the health effects of PAH derivatives, since they would contribute to the comprehensive toxicity prediction of many kinds of PAH derivatives.<br />多環芳香族炭化水素類（PAHs）は大気粉塵などの多種類の環境汚染物質に含まれ，長年の研究によって多様な生体影響を引き起こすことが知られている．一方で，PAHsは生体内での代謝反応や，大気中での化学反応によって多種多様な誘導体を生成することが知られている．近年では，PAHだけでなくPAH誘導体の毒性影響が着目されており，エストロゲン様/抗エストロゲン作用，酸化ストレス反応など，PAHとは異なる誘導体独自の毒性影響の存在が報告されている．また，生成するPAH誘導体には多くの構造異性体が存在するが，PAH誘導体が示す毒性作用と構造との間に相関性，いわゆる構造活性相関があることが示されている．以上の研究は，環境中に存在するPAH 誘導体の生体影響を解明する上で重要な研究であるとともに，多種多様なPAH誘導体の総合的な毒性影響予測に貢献できると考えられる．
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| 4.
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中澤, 章 ; 唐, 寧 ; 井上, 嘉則 ; 上茶谷, 若 ; 加藤, 敏文 ; 齊藤, 満 ; 小原, 健嗣 ; 鳥羽, 陽 ; 早川, 和一 ; Nakazawa, Akira ; Ning, Tang ; Inoue, Yoshinori ; Kamachitani, Waka ; Katoh, Toshifumi ; Saito, Mitsuru ; Obara, Kenji ; Toriba, Akira ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
概要:
金沢大学理工研究域自然システム学系<br />著者らが開発した繊維状吸着材（DAM不織布）は，両性イオン型高分子であるジアリルアミン‐マレイン酸共重合体（diallylamine-maleic acid copolymer: DAM）を含有
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し，繊維表面に水和層を形成する．本研究では，悪臭物質の一つである半揮発性有機酸（C1－C5）を対象に水溶液だけでなくガス状でもDAM不織布の吸着特性評価を行った．まず，水溶液中のギ酸はDAM不織布の水和層へ溶解した後，DAMのイミノ基との静電相互作用で吸着することがわかった．一方ガス状では，ギ酸，プロピオン酸，酪酸，吉草酸，イソ吉草酸について高い吸着能を有し，吸着量は曝露時間に依存して増加する傾向があった．ガス状有機酸に対する吸着も水溶液と同様の機序で生じていると考えられるが，さらに酢酸を除く有機酸の吸着速度定数と空気 / 水分配係数（log Kaw）が良好な相関性を有したことから，DAM不織布は大気中から不織布表面に形成される水和層へ移行性が高い親水性化合物に対するほど高い選択性をもつことが示された．<br />Diallylamine-maleic acid copolymer (DAM)-nonwoven fabric (DAM-f), a fibrous adsorbent, contains DAM with zwitter-ionic functional groups and forms a hydration layer on the surface. The aim of this report was to evaluate the adsorption selectivity of DAM-f to semi-volatile organic acid (C1-C5). In the aqueous phase, formic acid dissolved in the hydration layer bound to the imino group of DAM-f due to anion exchange interaction. In the gas phase, the adsorption amounts of organic acids increased with the exposure time. Moreover, the adsorption rate constants correlated with the air/water partition coefficients (log Kaw) for formic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid, except for acetic acid. These results indicate that DAM-f is highly selective to hydrophilic compounds which easily move from the air to the hydration layer of DAM-f.
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| 5.
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早川, 和一 ; 加賀谷, 重浩 ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
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Higashi, Tomomi ; Ohkura, Noriyuki ; Fujimura, Masaki ; Nakai, Satoshi ; Honda, Yasushi ; Saijoh, Kiyofumi ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi ; Kobayashi, Fumihisa ; Michigami, Yoshimasa ; Olando, Anyenda Enoch ; Hitomi, Yoshiaki ; Nakamura, Hiroyuki ; 東, 朋美 ; 大倉, 徳幸 ; 藤村, 政樹 ; 西條, 淸史 ; 早川, 和一 ; 小林, 史彦 ; 道上, 義正 ; 人見, 嘉哲 ; 中村, 裕之
概要:
金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系<br />Asian dust, known as kosa in Japanese, is a major public health concern. In this panel study, we eva
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luated the effects of exposure to kosa on daily cough occurrence. The study subjects were 86 patients being treated for asthma, cough variant asthma, or atopic cough in Kanazawa University Hospital from January 2011 to June 2011. Daily mean concentrations of kosa and spherical particles were obtained from light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurements, and were categorized from Grade 1 (0 μg/m3) to 5 (over 100 μg/m3). The association between kosa and cough was analyzed by logistic regression with a generalized estimating equation. Kosa effects on cough were seen for all Grades with potential time lag effect. Particularly at Lag 0 (the day of exposure), a dose-response relationship was observed: the odds ratios for Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 above the referent (Grade 1) were 1.111 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.995-1.239), 1.171 (95% CI: 1.006-1.363), 1.357 (95% CI: 1.029-1.788), and 1.414 (95% CI: 0.983-2.036), respectively. Among the patients without asthma, the association was higher: the odds ratios for Grades 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1.223 (95% CI: 0.999-1.497), 1.309 (95% CI: 0.987-1.737), 1.738 (95% CI: 1.029-2.935) and 2.403 (95% CI: 1.158-4.985), respectively. These associations remained after adjusting for the concentration of spherical particles or particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Our findings demonstrate that kosa is an environmental factor which induces cough in a dose-response relationship. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.<br />Embargo Period 12 months
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| 7.
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金沢大学フロンティアサイエンス機構 ; 早川, 和一 ; 太田, 富久 ; 池本, 良子 ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi ; Ohta, Tomihisa ; Ikemoto, Ryoko
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Hosozumi, Chiemi ; Toriba, Akira ; Chuesaard, Thanyarat ; Kameda, Takayuki ; Tang, Ning ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
概要:
Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a widely used noninvasive biomarker of oxidative stress. A selective, se
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nsitive and rapid method for determining 8-OHdG in human urine was developed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization. 8-OHdG and isotopically labeled 8-OHdG (internal standard) were separated on a HILIC column with a mobile phase of 10. mM ammonium acetate: acetonitrile (1:9, v/v) within 10. min and detected by using a positive electrospray ionization interface under the selected reaction monitoring mode. The detection limits of 8-OHdG (corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) for the HILIC-MS/MS system and the conventional method using a reversed-phase column with MS/MS were 1.0 and 26.0. fmol/injection, respectively. The proposed method makes it possible to monitor the basal level of urinary 8-OHdG from non-exposed healthy subjects and can be used for large-scale human studies. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
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| 9.
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Tang, Ning ; Tokuda, Takahiro ; Izzaki, Akihiko ; Tamura, Kenji ; Ji, Ruonan ; Zhang, Xuemei ; Dong, Lijun ; Kameda, Takayuki ; Toriba, Akira ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
概要:
Airborne particulates were collected in three size fractions by using Anderson low-volume air samplers in Shenyang, Chin
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a, in winter and summer in 2007. Compared with data obtained in 2001 at the same sites, the total concentrations of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in winter decreased by 67% at one site and decreased by 40% at the other site, while the total concentrations of four nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) did not decrease. This suggests that environmental countermeasures begun in 2001 were effective in decreasing the concentration of PAHs. However, in summer, the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs rose by the factors of 4 and 5, respectively, possibly because of an increase in the number of motor vehicles. © 2011 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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| 10.
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Sugitate, Kuniyo ; Yamagami, Takashi ; Nakamura, Sadao ; Toriba, Akira ; Hayakawa, Kazuichi
概要:
Fenthion, fenthion sulfoxide, fenthion oxon sulfoxide and fensulfothion showed two different mass spectra in GC/MS, depe
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nding on their concentrations. The base peaks shifted to lower levels by 1 m/z at lower concentration, and no retention time shifts were observed. The "shifted base peaks" were not obtained by a general EI fragmentation. The product ion scan spectra of the "shifted base peaks" were coincident with those of molecular ions of their corresponding sulfides. These phenomena can be ascribed to the conversion of sulfoxide into sulfide by the dominant deoxidation reaction than EI fragmentation in an ion source. Adding polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG300) into a test solution prevented sulfoxide deoxidation. © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.
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