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| 1.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, S. ; Noguchi, T. ; Nakata, Y.
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />This study estimated the area of visceral fat at the L4-L5 level (VFAL4-5) measured by computed tomogr
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aphy (CT) from anthropometric and segmental percent fat variables. Subjects were 73 adults (50 men and 23 women) aged 24-78 years. Cross-validation was permormed with another 38 adults (25 men and 13 women) aged 21-80 years. The anthropometric variables examined were height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, sagittal diameter, and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) at 14 sites. SFT and segmental percent fat were measured by ultrasonography and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively. A combination of suitable predictors of VFAL4-5 was derived by stepwise multiple regression analysis using these variables. A prediction equation was obtained that used seven predictors: sagittal diameter, waist circumference, three subcutaneous thickness variables (subscapula, chest 1 and abdomen), and segmental percent fat at the trunk and left leg (R=0.902, R2 =0.813, SEE=17.5 cm2). In a Bland-Altman procedure, systematic error was not found in the original group but was only found in women in the cross-validation group. The percentage of the SEE of the prediction equation for the mean VFAL4-5 value was 22.5% in the original group and 20.1% in the cross-validation group. Furthermore, the percentages of SD values of the error for the mean VFAL4-5 value were 21.1% in the original group and 22.2% in the cross-validation group. These values were comparable or superior to those in previous studies. This study provides a useful prediction equation for VFAL4-5 from anthropometry and segmental body composition variables. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2007.
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| 2.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学教育学部保健体育<br />OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the visceral fat area at the umbilica
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l level (VFA(L4-5)) in Japanese adults, using internal fat mass (IFM) estimated from a few anthropometric variables. METHODS: Subjects were 112 adults aged from 25 to 82 years (body mass index (BMI)=24.2+/-3.1 kg/m(2), ranged from 15.7 to 31.2 kg/m(2)). Another 60 adults aged from 21 to 71 years were recruited for the crossvalidation group (BMI=24.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2), ranged from 17.1 to 34.6 kg/m(2)). We examined (1) the prediction of IFM based on a small number of skinfold thicknesses; (2) the prediction of VFA(L4-5) using IFM and (3) the application of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement. VFA(L4-5) was measured by computed tomography (reference value). Total fat mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and single-frequency BIA with 8-point tactile electrodes. RESULTS: Three skinfolds at the abdomen, side chest and suprailiac were selected to estimate IFM. From IFM estimated using these three skinfolds, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sex and age, about 75% of the variance of VFA(L4-5) could be explained (Eq(VFA)1: R=863, R(2)=0.745, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=20.483 cm(2)). When substituting IFM based on BIA measurement (IFM(BIA)) into Eq(VFA)1, there were no significant mean differences from the reference in both equations, and high correlations were found (r=0.860, s.e.e.=20.902 cm(2)), although a significant mean difference in total fat mass was found between DXA and BIA measurements. The prediction equation using IFM(BIA) (Eq(VFA)2) could have prediction accuracy comparable with that of Eq(VFA)1 (Eq(VFA)2: R=879, R(2)=0.773, s.e.e.=20.324 cm(2)). Furthermore, when applying these equations to the crossvalidation group, there were cross-validity in both equations. CONCLUSION: This study proposed a prediction equation for VFA(L4-5) from WHR and IFM based on three skinfolds, and the validity of BIA measurement in Japanese adults. We can propose the procedure for a field setting.
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| 3.
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Yokoya, Tomohisa ; Demura, Shinichi ; Sato, Susumu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purpose of this study was to clarify the fall risk characteristics of the elderly participatin
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g in an exercise class. The subjects were comprised of 206 elderly Japanese aged 60 or older (37 males, 169 females) who participated in an exercise class, approved by the local government, once a week for 6 months. Physical fitness and ADL capability were evaluated by the physical fitness test of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Fall risk was evaluated using the Fall Assessment Chart. Subjects were divided into two groups, high fall risk (total fall risk score ≥5) and low fall risk (total fall risk score <5), and the percentage of subjects in the high risk group was calculated. The percentage of subjects with a high fall risk was 15.8%, lower than the documented rate of the community-dwelling elderly in a previous study. Significant differences between fall risk groups were found in balance and ADL capabilities of walking, holding and changing posture and muscular strength. These functions also were significantly related to fall risk elements such as fall anxiety and slipping or stumbling at home in the partial correlation analyses. Improvement of these functions during exercise class may be useful in decreasing fall risk in the elderly.
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Uchiyama, Masanobu ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />秋田県立大学 総合科学教育研究センター<br />Vision contributes to upright postural control by providing afferent feed
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back to the cerebellum. Vision is generally classified into central and peripheral vision. In measurements of postural sway, in which participants are required to maintain a stable upright posture while fixating on a visual target, non-retinal eye positional information due to the fixation is used as well as the retinal information from both visual fields. However, little is known about the role of non-visual eye positional information in postural control. This study examined the role of non-visual eye position information in upright postural control by comparing participants' centre of pressure (COP) sway between two experimental conditions: (1) a space-fixed visual target condition (control), in which eye movement was not controlled, and (2) a head-fixed visual target condition (treatment), in which eye movement was inhibited. Using 12 university students, COP sway and electrooculograms (EOG) were measured under both conditions. In the space-fixed condition, participants maintain an upright posture while fixating on a visual target fixed on a screen 1 m in front of them. In the head-fixed condition, participants maintained an upright posture while gazing at a target moving in sync with their head sway on the screen. The COP was evaluated by path length, area, root mean square, velocity and position. Eye movements were evaluated by the mean eye movement angle. The mean eye movement angle was significantly larger in the vertical direction then in the horizontal direction in both experimental conditions and was also found to be larger in the space-fixed condition than in the head-fixed condition. No significant different was found in any COP parameter between both conditions. It was suggested that non-visual eye position information from the external eye muscles to the sensory perception system contributes little to postural stabilisation under the measurement conditions used in this study. © Springer-Verlag Italia 2009.
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| 5.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Uchiyama, Masanobu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Seiza is one of the most commonly used sitting postures in various enrichment lessons of Japanese
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origin. It is reported that Seiza with large knee flexion produces harmful effects on the cartilage of knee joints and hemodynamics of the lower legs. This study aimed at examining the influence of Seiza on tissue oxygenation kinetics of the lower limbs, plantar somatic and cutaneous sensation, and the center of foot pressure (COP) sway using 10 young adults. COP sway was measured for 1 min just after sitting on a chair for 10 min (pre-test), after 30-min Seiza (post-test 1), and 5 min after Seiza (post-test 2). To evaluate the COP sway, we used 4 body sway factors;unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3) and high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). Physiological parameters (i. e., tissue oxygenation kinetics in the lower legs and sensation on the sole) were measured during 30-min Seiza (continuously on tissue oxygenation, and at 1 min intervals on sensation), and for 1 min just before each COP test (pre-test, post-test 1 and 2). Oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/Mb) concentration decreased markedly and deoxygenated Hb/Mb concentration increased markedly, resulting in reaching a plateau state at around 7 min. Tissue Hb/Mb index changed little during Seiza. Proprioceptive perception thresholds increased rapidly about 17 min after Starting Seiza. Means of 3 COP sway factors of F1, F2 and F4 were significantly higher in post-test 1 than in pre-test and post-test 2. In conclusion, a marked decrease in tissue oxygen concentration of the lower legs within 4-5 min, and an increase of proprioceptive perception thresholds in the sole at about 17 min are induced by Seiza. Although wiggle and quick body sway in the antero-posterior axis increases markedly in an upright posture just after maintaining Seiza for 30 min, sway recovers after sitting on a chair for 5 min.
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| 6.
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Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />京都薬科大学 基礎科学系 健康科学分野<br />This study aimed to examine the age and sex differences in controlled for
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ce exertion measured by the bar chart display in 207 males (age 42.1 ± 19.8 years) and 249 females (age 41.7 ± 19.1 years) aged 15 to 86 years. The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, which appeared as a moving bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test using the dominant hand three times with 1-min intervals (one trial was 40 sec) after one practice trial. A total of the differences between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 sec was used as the evaluation parameter. The errors in controlled force exertion showed a right-skewed distribution in both sexes but showed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation (males, W =.06; females, W =.74; p >.05). In addition, the errors in controlled force exertion tended to increase constantly with age in both sexes. Significant linear regressions were identified (r2males =.88, r2females =.81), but there was no significant difference in the increase rate of both sexes. The results of the analysis of variance and multiple comparisons showed insignificant sex differences among means, except for those in individuals older than 70 years; significant differences between means in the older than 40-year-old age group and the 20-year-old age group were found in both sexes. Individual differences were almost the same in both sexes (CVmales = 20.0∼34.8, CVfemales = 17.7∼36.2). Errors in controlled force exertion showed a nonsignificant sex difference and increased gradually with age in both sexes but increased remarkably with age after 40 years of age. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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| 7.
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Sato, Toshiro ; Demura, Shinichi ; Murase, Tomohiko ; Kobayashi, Yoshiki
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />This study determined the physical fitness component that contributes to improving and maintaining
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health status for each age group as well as quantifying the degree of the relationship between health status and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly females. The participants were 2,371 females aged 30 to 69 years. Ten physical fitness tests and medical checkups were performed. The participants were divided into a healthy group and an unhealthy group according to health status. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the multivariate data. Correct discriminant probabilities of the multiple discriminant function to discriminate the healthy and unhealthy groups for females ranged from 63.0% to 77.5%. These results suggest that there is a relatively high relationship between health status and physical fitness level for middle-aged and elderly females. With each individual's discriminant score calculated by the obtained multiple discriminant function as the index of the degree of health, the Pearson's correlation coefficient of the discriminant score and the performance in each physical fitness test were calculated. The aging change from 30 to 69 years old was classified into four patterns according to the contribution. The result of this study is considered to be useful as objective data to prepare an exercise program considering the contribution of the physical fitness component of health status.
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| 8.
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Demura, Shinichi ; Yamada, Takayoshi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Dynamic balance ability related to maintaining postural stability during movement is closely tied
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to fall risk in the elderly. The functional reach (FR) test has been developed to evaluate their dynamic balance. Although a simple and new FR test using an elastic stick has been proposed by modifying the above original FR test, the abilities related to both FR tests are judged to differ because of the large difference in the testing method. This study aimed to compare center of gravity fluctuation, muscle activity and functional reach distance as measured by the original FR test and the elastic stick FR test. First, reach distance, back/forth and right/left moving distance of the center of gravity, and activity of the lower leg muscles (soleus and tibialis anterior) were compared between both tests based on data obtained from 30 young male adults. All parameters except for the right/left moving distance were significantly larger in the elastic stick FR test. Next, the reach distance was examined in both FR tests using 53 elderly subjects; it was significantly longer in the elastic stick FR test, but showed no significant sex difference. The reach distance in both tests was significantly shorter (about 7 cm) in the elderly than in young adults. In conclusion, the elastic stick FR test involves greater leg muscle strength exertion and forward transferring of the center of gravity as compared with the original FR test. Because the elastic stick FR test relates largely to leg muscle function and equilibrium function, it may be more useful for evaluating the dynamic balance ability of the elderly. © 2007 Tohoku University Medical Press.
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| 9.
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Fujii, Katsunori ; Demura, Shinichi
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as an index of obesity in people from the school age children
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to adults. However, the relationship between the change in BMI with age and the coming of menarche has not been discussed as there are few reports on the changes in BMI with age. In this study, the change in BMI with age was examined by applying the wavelet interpolation method (WIM), and a critical period for body fat in terms of the coming of menarche was estimated from the growth velocity. We investigated delayed menarche according to the influence of stress in athletes by comparing delayed menarche between athletes and non-athletes in relation to the critical period. Data were obtained from 144 female athletes in their first year at university in the Tokai area, all of whom had competed in a national sports competition in high school (athlete group). Health examination records showing these subjects' heights and weights from the first grade of elementary school to the final year of high school (1984-1995) were collected and BMI was calculated for each grade. Ages at menarche were ascertained from questionnaires. A control group of 73 non-athletes was similarly examined. The age at maximum peak velocity (MPV) derived from the growth (aging) distance curve of BMI was determined in the control group to be 11.96±0.97 years old. This age at MPV of BMI was almost the same as the age at menarche (12.11±0.93 years old). Therefore, this age at MPV of BMI is estimated to be the critical period of body fat for the coming of menarche. The interval between the age at MPV of BMI and age at menarche was 0.74±1.30 years in the athlete group and 0.15±0.81 years in the control group, so there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the two groups. It is suggested that the delayed menarche in athletes is influenced by the stress of regular sports training.
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| 10.
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Yamaji, Shunsuke ; Demura, Shinichi ; Nagasawa, Yoshinori ; Nakada, Masakatsu
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系<br />The purposes of this study were to clarify the kinetics of muscle oxygenation (Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb) b
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y near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in the decreasing force phase, especially the pre- and post-phases of the inflection point, in sustained maximal static gripping (SSG), and to examine the relationship between kinetics of muscle oxygenation and force-decreasing parameters. The experiment was conducted on 20 male subjects aged 15-18 years. The time at the lowest Oxy-Hb value (20.5±5.5s) significantly correlated with the decreasing times of forces of 40, 60 and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and the rate of decreasing force for 0-1 min (r=.60, .53, .49, and -.63 respectively). These parameters reflect the decreasing force based on the oxygenation deficiency into the muscle with the obstruction of the blood flow. The time of reaching the highest Deoxy-Hb value (46.8±15.Os) and the regression coefficient in the Deoxy-Hb decreasing phase correlated significantly with the decrement for 1-2 min. This parameter evaluates the phase where resumption of the blood flow began, and Deoxy-Hb in the tissue was eliminated. The inflection point of the gripping force is related to the time at the highest Deoxy-Hb, and reflects the beginning and the resumption of the blood flow. The decrement for 2-3 min and the regression coefficient of post-inflection point evaluate the steady state phase of force decreasing, in which oxygen is sufficiently supplied to active muscles. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 23 (2) : 41-47, 2004 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jpa.
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