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阿部, なつ江 ; 荒井, 章司 ; Abe, Natsue ; Arai, Shoji
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金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科自然計測
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荒井, 章司 ; 平井, 寿敏 ; 阿部, なつ江 ; Arai, Shoji ; Hirai, Hisatoshi ; Abe, Natsue
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金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科自然計測
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荒井, 章司 ; 阿部, なつ江 ; Arai, Shoji ; Abe, Natsue
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Petological constitution of the upper mantle beneath the ocean floor has been poorly known except for oceanic fracture z
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ones of slow-spreading ridges. Information from ophiolites may supplement the paucity of data to some extent ; however, the ophiolites should be treated carefully because of their polygenetic nature. The abyssal peridotite varies from lherzolite with Cr# of spinel of 0.1 to harzburgite with Cr# of spinel of 0.6. Dunite is relatively rare from the ocean floor. An exotic lherzolite with continental mantle signatures appears in midoceanic areas. The refractoriness of the abyssal peridotie has been proposed to correlate with the spreading rate of the ridge system, but this is false. The upper mantle beneath the ocean floor changes downwards from dunite to lherzolite via harzburgite, being independent of spreading rate. The lithological change is more abrupt in a slowspreading system than in a fast-spreading one, so it is around ridge segment boundaries rather than around the segment center on the same spreading ridge. The thin harzburite layer in slow-spreading ridges has resulted in its rarity there, and the deep seat of lherzolite in fast-spreading ridges has caused its apparent absence. The primitive MORB can be in equilibrium with dunite, which is formed along the melt conduit beneath the ridge via peridotie/melt reaction, and the dunite part is laid down by the corner flow of the mantle just below the lowermost gabbro layer as it leaves the ridge axis. We proposed the following deep ocean-floor drilling to explore scientific proglems concerning the abyssal upper mantle : (1) non-riser drilling on the “continental peridotite” to know the relationship with abyssal peridotite, and (2) non-riser or riser drilling on the ocean floor where deep-seated rocks have already been exposed to examine the deep constitution of the upper mantle. The “21st Century Mohole” drilling through the oceanic Moho should primarily be directed to the segment center of a fast-spreading ridge system. The back-arc basin such as the Sea of Japan will be the alternate for Mohole drilling because we have had relatively little information on the petrological nature of the back-arc basin lithosphere despite its importance. We can solve the “ophiolite problem” simultaneously if we are careful in choosing the drilling sites. We also propose a close linkage between the ophiolite study and ocean drilling in the coming IODP.
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荒井, 章司 ; 阿部, なつ江 ; Arai, Shoji ; Abe, Natsue
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As a follow-up of a symposium on mantle xenoliths held at Kanazawa University in 2004, we here publish a special issue c
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omposed of seven review articles dealing with mantle xenoliths. Mantle-derived xenoliths of peridotite and related rocks play an important role as a direct insight into Earth’s interior, and have been examined in various ways. We would like to widely introduce the current situation of mantle xenolith studies to non-specialists as well as to enlighten young scientists as to the mantle materials and their importance.
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荒井, 章司 ; 阿部, なつ江 ; Arai, Shoji ; Abe, Natsue
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This article reviews interpretations of the geological and petrological nature of the Moho, which is defined as a discon
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tinuity in terms of Vp, with a view to preparing for the Mohole on the ocean floor in IODP. We strongly propose discarding non-seismic terms for the Moho, such as “petrologic Moho”. The nature of the Moho has been controversial for a long time; an isochemical phase transition boundary between gabbro (crust) and eclogite (mantle) was favored for the Moho by some researchers, while a chemical boundary between mafic rocks (crust) and peridotite rocks (upper mantle) is now favored by a majority of researchers. Boundaries between completely or partially serpentinized peridotite and fresh peridotite may be applicable as the Moho at some parts of the ocean floors of a slow-spreading ridge origin. Antigorite serpentinite can be expected to be observed at the lowermost crust if the Moho is the serpentinization front at the stability limit of serpentine. The Moho beneath the Japan arcs can be estimated using mafic-ultramafic xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanics. Peridotitic rocks scarcely mix with feldspathic rocks, indicating that the Moho at that location is the boundary between feldspathic rocks (mostly mafic granulites; crust) and spinel pyroxenites (mantle). Possible fossil Mohos are observed in well-preserved ophiolites, such as the Oman ophiolite. Two types of Moho are distinct in the Oman ophiolite; gabbro-in-dunite Moho, where a gabbro band network in dunite changes upward to the layered gabbro within a few to several tens of meters, and dunite-in-gabbro Moho, where late-intrusive dunites intruded into gabbros. The former is of a primary origin at a fast-spreading ridge, and the latter is of a secondary origin at a subduction-zone setting in the obduction of the oceanic lithosphere as an ophiolite. The gabbro/peridotite (dunite) boundary as the primary Moho forms in embryo as a wall of melt conduit at fast-spreading ridges as well as at the segment center of slow-spreading ridges. The oceanic primary Moho is modified to various degrees by magmatism, metamorphism and tectonism in subsequent arc and continental environments. The gabbro-in-dunite Moho formation in the Oman ophiolite is an embryo of this modification. We expect in-situ sampling across the primary oceanic Moho formed at a fast-spreading ridge through the Mohole of IODP. Ultra-deep drilling at gabbro/peridotite complexes exposed on the ocean floor is indispensable for our understanding of the suboceanic upper mantle. Studies on appropriate ophiolites and deep-seated xenoliths from oceanic areas should complement the Mohole and other ultra-deep drillings to grasp the whole picture of the oceanic upper mantle.
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Abe, Natsue ; Takami, Masao ; Arai, Shoji
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Spinel lherzolite is a minor component of the deep-seated xenolith suite in the Oki-Dogo alkaline basalts, whereas other types of ultramafic (e.g. pyroxenite and dunite) and mafic (e.g. granulite and gabbro) xenoliths are abundant. All
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spinel lherzolite xenoliths have spinel with a low Cr number (Cr#; <0.26). They are anhydrous and are free of modal metasomatism. Their mineral assemblages and microtextures, combined with the high NiO content in olivine, suggest that they are of residual origin. But the Mg numbers of silicate minerals are lower (e.g. down to Fo86) in some spinel lherzolites than in typical upper mantle residual peridotites. The clinopyroxene in the spinel lherzolite shows U-shaped chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns. The abundance of Fe-rich ultramafic and mafic cumulate xenoliths in Oki-Dogo alkali basalts suggests that the later formation of those Fe-rich cumulates from alkaline magma was the cause of Fe- and light REE (LREE)-enrichment in residual peridotite. The similar REE patterns are observed in spinel peridotite xenoliths from Kurose and also in those from the South-west Japan arc, which are non-metasomatized in terms of major-element chemistry (e.g. Fo>89), and are rarely associated with Fe-rich cumulus mafic and ultramafic xenoliths. This indicates that the LREE-enrichment in mantle rocks has been more prominent and prevalent than Fe and other major-element enrichment during the metasomatism.
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Arai, Shoji ; Abe, Natsue ; Hirai, Hisatoshi ; Shimizu, Yohei
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Arai, Shoji ; Abe, Natsue ; Ninomiya, Atsushi
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Abe, Natsue ; Arai, Shoji
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Arai, Shoji ; Kida, Megumi ; Abe, Natsue ; Ninomiya, Atsushi ; Yumul Jr., G.P.
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