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Ian Littlewood
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />This study focuses on functionally equivalent, but semantically different sign expressions in Ja
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panese and German, such as o-nori-no-sai-wa tesuri-ni o-tsukamarikudasai [Literally, “when steping on, please grip handrail”], kiiroi-sen-no uchigawani o-tachi-kudasai [please stand inside yellow line], oriru sai-wa o-oashimoto-ni gochūi-kudasai [“when getting off, please pay attention to under foot”], and o-ko-sama tsure-no kata-wa o-ko-sama-no te-o totte o-nori-kudasai [“person with child is asked to ride on taking child’s hand”] in Japanese versus its German counterpart Benutzung auf eigene Gefahr [“using at your own risk”], which are posted near escalators. This example tells us that the Japanese sign consists of four concrete sentences whereas the German one presents a simple and abstract sentence. Such correspondents cannot be adequately explained from only construal and politeness perspectives. In this study, such corresponding expressions in Japanese and German will be contrasted to find out what information is relevant to each society. The results will reveal what communicative behaviors are expected in corresponding situations between Japan and Germany, which can contribute to efficient intercultural communication.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />By comparing some functionally equivalent routine formulas in Japaneseand German in correspondin
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g situations, it is hypothesized that different strategies arereflected in formulation patterns of routine formulas in both languages. For example,different expressions are used by parents in Japanese and German if their childbumps into a post. The two expressions are often used in corresponding situations inboth Japan and Germany and can therefore be regarded as functionally equivalent,although the used strategies differ, i.e., the Japanese expression is based on sharing thedangerous situation between the parent and the child, whereas the German one focuseson providing an appropriate direction to the child. Comparing such functionallyequivalent routine formulas suggests that they reflect different strategies, includingpoliteness, in corresponding situations. This study tested this hypothesis by comparingfunctionally equivalent routine formulas uttered in corresponding apologetic situationsin the socialization process of controlling children’s social behavior in Japan andGermany. The results confirm the hypothesis and suggest that the difference in strategy influences the communicative behaviors of Japanese and German speakers. Concerning politeness, the results reveal the aspects considered polite in corresponding routineformulas of the two languages. Furthermore, the communicative normality of each language is also reflected in its respective routine formulas and focus of attention in interactions. This information may be applied toward more efficient foreign language teaching.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to compare functionally equivalent English, German, and Ja
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panese sign expressions in public spaces with respect to politeness and (2) to reveal whether and how politeness is formulated in sign expressions in each language in relation to explicitness. A total of 208 Japanese and 198 German sign expressions were collected through fieldwork. Among them, 35 functionally equivalent correspondence pairs between the two languages were confirmed, and they were compared, along with their English equivalents, with respect to politeness. The results showed that English signs tend to use explicit expressions, whereas Japanese signs frequently contain honorific items, and German signs use infinitive phrases to avoid mentioning personal relationships. Based on these findings, it is pointed out that each language has its preferred styles of politeness, even for sign expressions, which are expected to give relevant information or instructions to passengers in a clear, direct manner.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Interest in the linguistic study of perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulate
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d has been revived in the past 20 years, due to the recent development of cognitive linguistics. Among the many contributions to the study of such perspectives, Ikegami (2000) clearly showed that Japanese differs from English, through a comparison of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. However, there has been little discussion on the methods employed for comparison in the studies on this topic. The purpose of the present paper is threefold: (1) to describe what methodological problems are recognized in previous contrastive studies on the perspectives, especially in the field of cognitive linguistics; (2) in order to avoid methodological problems, to propose an alternative method for a more objective comparison of the perspectives between two languages; and (3) to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method for contrasting formulation patterns in terms of their perspective by some of the data obtained.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Research on the perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulated has increased in t
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he past 20 years due to the development of cognitive linguistics. For example, Ikegami (2000) showed that Japanese and English speakers employ different perspectives by comparing the opening sentence of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. Similarly, Narita (2009) compared sentences from literary texts with their translations in Japanese and German. However, these studies analyzing literary text translations contain little discussion on the validity of the translation-based comparison method, particularly in terms of comparability and objectivity. This paper has three purposes: (1) to claim that the original and translation-based methods are not always appropriate for perspective studies; (2) to propose, as an alternative method, comparing functionally equivalent formulas used on public signs, i.e., Watch your step, Keep out, and Out of Service; and (3) to show how Japanese differs from German in the perspectives from which corresponding expressions in the two languages are formulated. Expressions were collected from signs on buses, trains, and railway stations in Japan and Germany. Examples include Haire-masen/Kein Eingang (‘No entrance’), Senro-ni orite-wa ike-masen/Ausstieg verboten (‘Do not go down to the railway track’), and ishitsubutsu-gakari/Fundbüro (‘Lost and found’). Functionally equivalent expressions were selected for the analysis. For example, a formula telling bus passengers that the bus will stop at the next station is Tsugi tomari-masu (next.TOP stop.HON) in Japanese and Wagen hält (vehicle.NOM stop.PRES) in German. These corresponding expressions can be compared syntactically and semantically. The former has no surface-level subject; it conveys that “I” and “we” or the bus will stop at the next station. The scene is described from the perspective inside the situation, i.e., from within the bus. The latter has a third-person subject, Wagen, signifying that the bus is observed from the perspective outside the situation. These different perspectives and their occurrence distributions are shown through the comparison of corresponding sign expressions. The analysis reveals that Japanese tends to formulate expressions from a perspective inside the scene where the event occurs, whereas German expresses sentences from the perspective outside the scene.<br />19th International Congress of Linguists(19 ICL), 21-27 July 2013 Geneva
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Nakatani, Toshio ; Tanaka, Shigenori ; Mizukami, Shigeki ; 中谷, 壽男
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金沢大学医薬保健研究域保健学系<br />日本解剖学会の許可を得て登録_ 20210714
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Nakatani, Toshio ; Mizukami, Shigeki ; Tanaka, Shigenori ; 中谷, 壽男
概要:
金沢大学医薬保健研究域保健学系<br />日本解剖学会の許可を得て登録_ 20210714
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ノフィア, ハヤティ ; Novia, Hayati
概要:
The interaction of refusal can be generally divided into three stages: pre-refusal, negotiation, and post-refusal. At each stage, the characteristic linguistic expressions are confirmed. Many studies on refusal have pointed out
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that an apology is made in a refusal conversation. However, it is not clear at which stage and at what point such an apology occurs. This study is focused on the conversation stages before and after a refusal is accepted in Japanese and Sundanese and presents an analysis of the kinds of linguistic behaviors that are performed in terms of semantic formulas. The data were collected from conversations between 30 pairs of both male and female native speakers in the two languages using a role-play method. The results revealed that both groups of native speakers performed an apology at the post-refusal stage significantly more often than at the negotiation stage, which suggests that an apology is not made to express the intention to refuse but for the maintenance of positive feelings between the conversation participants because it is more often expressed after the refusal is accepted, i.e., at the post-refusal stage. Therefore, the function of an apology, including other speech acts at the post-refusal stage, is to mitigate undesirable feelings such as disagreements, annoyances, or imbalances between the speakers caused by an expression of refusal and its acceptance, and to try to maintain a positive relationship between the speakers.
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ZHAO, Licui ; YASUNAGA, Daichi ; IRIE, Koji ; KOJIMA, Haruyuki ; 趙, 立翠 ; 安永, 大地 ; 入江, 浩司 ; 小島, 治幸
概要:
In the present study, we examined the primacy of syntactic over semantic processing in the Japanese language, in which g
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rammatical morphology is as prominent as in most of Indo-European languages, but it also possesses symbolic language, similar to Chinese. Three kinds of collocation were created as stimuli: congruous collocations, collocations with semantic violation, and collocations with syntactic violation. Participants were asked to read the stimuli silently and then they judged whether they had seen them or not. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the regional changes in hemoglobin concentration in the brain of the participants. After analyzing the interplay of cortical activation between syntactic and semantic processing, we found that, during the reading task, when congruous stimuli were presented, activation was observed around the inferior frontal gyms and the middle temporal gyms, while when semantically violated stimuli were presented, activation was observed around the inferior frontal gyms. However, no brain area activation was observed for a syntactic violation condition. These activation patterns suggest that in Japanese, semantic processing is also dependent on the intactness of syntactic information, just as in Indo-European languages. The present study indicates that languages with prominent grammatical morphology exhibit primacy of syntax over semantics, and that near-infrared spectroscopy provides an efficient method of evaluating the primacy of syntactic and semantic processes.<br />本研究は， H本語処理において意味処理よりも統語処理が優先されることを検証した。 日本語はほとんどのインドヨ ーロッパ語族の言語と同じように文法的形態が明確であるとともに， 非インドヨ ーロッパ言語の典型である中国語と同じように表意文字を持っている。 本研究では， 刺激 として，正しいコロケーション， 意味逸脱コロケー ション， 統語逸脱コロケー ションの3種類を用いた。 参加者の課題は， 刺激を黙読し， 後に再認することであった。 課題遂行中の参加者の脳内酸化ヘモグロビン(Oxy-Hb)濃度の変化を近赤外分光法(NIRS) を用いて測定した。 統語処理と意味処理を司る脳内部位の活性化状況の相互関係を分析した結果， 正しいコロケ ー ションが呈示された時には， 左下前頭回と左中側頭回が活性化した。 意味逸脱コロケ ー ションが呈示された時には， 左下前頭回が活性化した。 統語逸脱コロケー ションが呈示された時には， どの脳内部位も活性化しなかった。 これらの結果によって， ほとんどのインドヨ ーロッパ語族の言語と同じように， 日本語においても統語処理が行われてから意味処理がはじめて行われることが示唆された。本研究は文法的形態が明確な言語は統語処理の優位性を持っている可能性を示した。さらに， NIRSが言語処理の脳内機構を検討する有力な道具として使えることを示唆した。
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