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論文
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Tamai, Ikumi
概要:
Transporters play important roles in tissue distribution and urinary- and biliary-excretion of drugs and transporter mol
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ecules involved in those processes have been elucidated well. Furthermore, an involvement of efflux transporters such as P-glycoproteins, multidrug resistance associated protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein as the intestinal absorption barrier and/or intestinal luminal secretion mechanisms has been demonstrated. However, although there are many suggestions for the contribution of uptake/influx transporters in intestinal absorption of drugs, information on the transporter molecules responsible for the intestinal absorptive process is limited. Among them, most studied absorptive drug transporter is peptide transporter PEPT1. However, utilization of PEPT1 for oral delivery of drugs may not be high due to the chemical structural requirement of PEPT1 limited to peptide-mimetics. Recently, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family such as OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 has been suggested to mediate intestinal absorption of several drugs. Since OATPs exhibit species difference in expressed tissues and functional properties between human and animals, human studies are essential to clarify the intestinal absorption mechanisms of drugs via OATPs. Recent pharmacogenomic studies demonstrated that OATP2B1 is involved in the drug absorption in human. In addition, information of drug-juice interaction in the intestine also uncovered the contribution of OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 in drug absorption. Since OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 exhibit broader substrate selectivity compared with PEPT1, their potential to be applied for oral delivery should be high. In this review, current understanding of characteristics and contribution as the absorptive transporters of OATPs in small intestine in human is described. Now, it is getting clearer that OATPs have significant roles in intestinal absorption of drugs, therefore, there are higher possibility to utilize OATPs as the tools for oral delivery. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2.
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論文
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玉井, 郁巳 ; Tamai, Ikumi
概要:
金沢大学医薬保健研究域薬学系<br />OATPなど薬物動態を左右する輸送体の活性変動機構として新たにマイクロRNA（miRNA)の関与に関する検討を行った。その結果、消化管、肝臓両組織で機能するOATP2B1の発現に関与するmiRNAの同
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定に至った。さらにOATP基質となるスタチン類に伴う筋毒性診断に応用可能な新規miRNAを示唆するに至ることができた。一方、食品との薬物の相互作用機構としてのmiRNAの検討も並行して進めた結果、リンゴ由来ナノ粒子に含まれるmiRNAが消化管輸送体の発現調節に働く可能性を示唆することもできた。一方、新たに消化管で薬物吸収に寄与する核酸輸送体の同定にも成功した。<br />To understand the mechanisms for altered drug absorption and disposition by co-administered drugs and foods, we studied possible involvement of micro RNA (miRNA) on the expressional regulation of drug transporter OATPs. (1) OTAP2B1, which is expressed both in liver and intestine, was found to be regulated by specific miRNA by in vitro experiments. (2) Statins are very good substrates of OATPs and they have possibility to cause myopathy as side effect. We succeeded to suggest several miRNA that can be used for diagnosis of myopathy. (3) As the mechanism of drug-food interaction, it was demonstrated that apple-derived nanoparticles include many miRNAs and they affect expression of OATP2B1, suggesting that food-derived miRNAs could regulate expression of OATPs, (4) Transporters responsible for intestinal absorption of anti-cancer nucleoside analogue were identified and further studies to demonstrate the mechanisms to regulate their expression, including miRNA should be conducted.<br />研究課題/領域番号:16K15158, 研究期間(年度):2016-04-01 - 2018-03-31
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| 3.
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論文
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玉井, 郁己 ; Tamai, Ikumi
概要:
金沢大学薬学部<br />薬物動態特性は薬効に著しい影響を及ぼすため、未然の薬物間相互作用予測や副作用防止のためには、薬物動態制御機構の解明が必要である。薬物動態に影響する生体側因子の一つはトランスポータータンパク質である。薬物のような生体
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異物輸送に働く分子の中には幅広い基質選択性を有する場合が多い。そのような基質多選択性(multispecificity)に関する検討が行われてきているが、未だ不明である。本研究では、薬物輸送に働く有機アニオントランスポーターOATPならびに有機カチオン/カルニチントランスポーターOCTN2に焦点を当て、その基質多選択性発現機構に関する検討を行った。OCTN2は生理的基質としてカルニチンを、異物としてTEAのような有機カチオン輸送に働く。カルニチン輸送における駆動力はNa^+であるが、TEA輸送にはNa^+が関与しない。OCTN2上にはカルニチンに特異的なCOO^-基を認識する部位が存在し、その活性化にNa^+の関与が示唆された。一方、TEAにはCOO^-基がなく、Na^+の影響を受けないと考えられた。カルニチンとTEAは相互阻害を示すが,完全な競合阻害形式ではなく、両者はOCTN2タンパク質上の活性部位を一部共有しており、完全には一致しないものと推定された。Na^+はカルニチン輸送の駆動力となるが、TEAはそれ以外のエネルギーを利用していると考えられる。従って、同一のトランスポーター上で基質により膜輸送機構が異なるトランスポーターの多機能性(multifunctionality)が、トランスポーターの示す基質多選択性の一メカニズムとして関与していることが示された。このようなトランスポーター分子のmultifunctioniltyに基づくmultispecificityの解析は例がなく、薬物トランスポーターの基質選択性の解明に新たなアプローチを提示する成果を得ることができた。<br />Pharmacokinetic characteristics are important for the adequate drug therapy and they are affected by many factors, including binding proteins, drug metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Among them, drug transporter are important for the intestinal absorption, tissue distribution, and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs. Accordingly, it will be important what kinds of drugs are accepted as substrates for each transporter. However, some drug transporters accept various compounds as substrates and it has not been clarified the mechanism for such multispecificity of drug transporterOrganic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN and organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-C also accept various physiological and drug compounds as substrates. In the present study, we studied the mechanism for the multispecificity in the substrate recognition of those transporters by focusing on the multifunctionality of themOCTN transports carnitine as physiological substrates and cationic compounds as xenobiotics. When OCTN transports carnitine, it exclusively shows Na^+-dependence, while the transport of organic cation such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) is Na^+-independent. The study using mutant protein of OCTN exhibited that carnitne and TEA partially shares the substrate recognition sites on OCTN2, while they are not identical. Na^+ largely affect the affinity of carnitine to OCTN2, while TEA did not show any change in the affinity to OCTN2 by Na^+. However, carnitine and TEA exhibited mutual inhibitory effect, while they are not explained by complete competitive inhibition kinetics. The difference in the transporting mechanism between carnitine and TEA could be explained by the presence of the carboxylmoiety that is specific for carnitine and the Na^+ affect the interaction between carboxylmoiety of carnitine and OCTN2 protein. These observations suggested that multispecificity of OCTN is due to the multifunctionality of OCTN by changing the transport mechanisms depending on the substrates, regarding the driving force, Na^+. Accordingly, clarification of the driving force of the transporter for each substrate is important to clarify the mechanism of multispecificity of transporters. In the case of OATP, at present no driving force has been clearly demonstrated, while OATP accept various compounds as substrates. To clarify the mechanism for the multispecificity of OATP, it will be essential to identify the driving force for each substrate in future<br />研究課題/領域番号:13470513, 研究期間(年度):2001 – 2002<br />出典：「薬物トランスポーター群のmultispecificity発現機構に関する研究」研究成果報告書 課題番号13470513（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所））（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13470513/134705132002kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/)を加工して作成
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