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Ian Littlewood
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />This study focuses on functionally equivalent, but semantically different sign expressions in Ja
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panese and German, such as o-nori-no-sai-wa tesuri-ni o-tsukamarikudasai [Literally, “when steping on, please grip handrail”], kiiroi-sen-no uchigawani o-tachi-kudasai [please stand inside yellow line], oriru sai-wa o-oashimoto-ni gochūi-kudasai [“when getting off, please pay attention to under foot”], and o-ko-sama tsure-no kata-wa o-ko-sama-no te-o totte o-nori-kudasai [“person with child is asked to ride on taking child’s hand”] in Japanese versus its German counterpart Benutzung auf eigene Gefahr [“using at your own risk”], which are posted near escalators. This example tells us that the Japanese sign consists of four concrete sentences whereas the German one presents a simple and abstract sentence. Such correspondents cannot be adequately explained from only construal and politeness perspectives. In this study, such corresponding expressions in Japanese and German will be contrasted to find out what information is relevant to each society. The results will reveal what communicative behaviors are expected in corresponding situations between Japan and Germany, which can contribute to efficient intercultural communication.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />By comparing some functionally equivalent routine formulas in Japaneseand German in correspondin
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g situations, it is hypothesized that different strategies arereflected in formulation patterns of routine formulas in both languages. For example,different expressions are used by parents in Japanese and German if their childbumps into a post. The two expressions are often used in corresponding situations inboth Japan and Germany and can therefore be regarded as functionally equivalent,although the used strategies differ, i.e., the Japanese expression is based on sharing thedangerous situation between the parent and the child, whereas the German one focuseson providing an appropriate direction to the child. Comparing such functionallyequivalent routine formulas suggests that they reflect different strategies, includingpoliteness, in corresponding situations. This study tested this hypothesis by comparingfunctionally equivalent routine formulas uttered in corresponding apologetic situationsin the socialization process of controlling children’s social behavior in Japan andGermany. The results confirm the hypothesis and suggest that the difference in strategy influences the communicative behaviors of Japanese and German speakers. Concerning politeness, the results reveal the aspects considered polite in corresponding routineformulas of the two languages. Furthermore, the communicative normality of each language is also reflected in its respective routine formulas and focus of attention in interactions. This information may be applied toward more efficient foreign language teaching.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to compare functionally equivalent English, German, and Ja
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panese sign expressions in public spaces with respect to politeness and (2) to reveal whether and how politeness is formulated in sign expressions in each language in relation to explicitness. A total of 208 Japanese and 198 German sign expressions were collected through fieldwork. Among them, 35 functionally equivalent correspondence pairs between the two languages were confirmed, and they were compared, along with their English equivalents, with respect to politeness. The results showed that English signs tend to use explicit expressions, whereas Japanese signs frequently contain honorific items, and German signs use infinitive phrases to avoid mentioning personal relationships. Based on these findings, it is pointed out that each language has its preferred styles of politeness, even for sign expressions, which are expected to give relevant information or instructions to passengers in a clear, direct manner.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Interest in the linguistic study of perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulate
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d has been revived in the past 20 years, due to the recent development of cognitive linguistics. Among the many contributions to the study of such perspectives, Ikegami (2000) clearly showed that Japanese differs from English, through a comparison of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. However, there has been little discussion on the methods employed for comparison in the studies on this topic. The purpose of the present paper is threefold: (1) to describe what methodological problems are recognized in previous contrastive studies on the perspectives, especially in the field of cognitive linguistics; (2) in order to avoid methodological problems, to propose an alternative method for a more objective comparison of the perspectives between two languages; and (3) to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method for contrasting formulation patterns in terms of their perspective by some of the data obtained.
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Nishijima, Yoshinori ; 西嶋, 義憲
概要:
金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系<br />Research on the perspectives from which linguistic expressions are formulated has increased in t
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he past 20 years due to the development of cognitive linguistics. For example, Ikegami (2000) showed that Japanese and English speakers employ different perspectives by comparing the opening sentence of a Japanese literary text with its English translation. Similarly, Narita (2009) compared sentences from literary texts with their translations in Japanese and German. However, these studies analyzing literary text translations contain little discussion on the validity of the translation-based comparison method, particularly in terms of comparability and objectivity. This paper has three purposes: (1) to claim that the original and translation-based methods are not always appropriate for perspective studies; (2) to propose, as an alternative method, comparing functionally equivalent formulas used on public signs, i.e., Watch your step, Keep out, and Out of Service; and (3) to show how Japanese differs from German in the perspectives from which corresponding expressions in the two languages are formulated. Expressions were collected from signs on buses, trains, and railway stations in Japan and Germany. Examples include Haire-masen/Kein Eingang (‘No entrance’), Senro-ni orite-wa ike-masen/Ausstieg verboten (‘Do not go down to the railway track’), and ishitsubutsu-gakari/Fundbüro (‘Lost and found’). Functionally equivalent expressions were selected for the analysis. For example, a formula telling bus passengers that the bus will stop at the next station is Tsugi tomari-masu (next.TOP stop.HON) in Japanese and Wagen hält (vehicle.NOM stop.PRES) in German. These corresponding expressions can be compared syntactically and semantically. The former has no surface-level subject; it conveys that “I” and “we” or the bus will stop at the next station. The scene is described from the perspective inside the situation, i.e., from within the bus. The latter has a third-person subject, Wagen, signifying that the bus is observed from the perspective outside the situation. These different perspectives and their occurrence distributions are shown through the comparison of corresponding sign expressions. The analysis reveals that Japanese tends to formulate expressions from a perspective inside the scene where the event occurs, whereas German expresses sentences from the perspective outside the scene.<br />19th International Congress of Linguists(19 ICL), 21-27 July 2013 Geneva
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Nakatani, Toshio ; Tanaka, Shigenori ; Mizukami, Shigeki ; 中谷, 壽男
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金沢大学医薬保健研究域保健学系<br />日本解剖学会の許可を得て登録_ 20210714
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Nakatani, Toshio ; Mizukami, Shigeki ; Tanaka, Shigenori ; 中谷, 壽男
概要:
金沢大学医薬保健研究域保健学系<br />日本解剖学会の許可を得て登録_ 20210714
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ノフィア, ハヤティ ; Novia, Hayati
概要:
The interaction of refusal can be generally divided into three stages: pre-refusal, negotiation, and post-refusal. At each stage, the characteristic linguistic expressions are confirmed. Many studies on refusal have pointed out
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that an apology is made in a refusal conversation. However, it is not clear at which stage and at what point such an apology occurs. This study is focused on the conversation stages before and after a refusal is accepted in Japanese and Sundanese and presents an analysis of the kinds of linguistic behaviors that are performed in terms of semantic formulas. The data were collected from conversations between 30 pairs of both male and female native speakers in the two languages using a role-play method. The results revealed that both groups of native speakers performed an apology at the post-refusal stage significantly more often than at the negotiation stage, which suggests that an apology is not made to express the intention to refuse but for the maintenance of positive feelings between the conversation participants because it is more often expressed after the refusal is accepted, i.e., at the post-refusal stage. Therefore, the function of an apology, including other speech acts at the post-refusal stage, is to mitigate undesirable feelings such as disagreements, annoyances, or imbalances between the speakers caused by an expression of refusal and its acceptance, and to try to maintain a positive relationship between the speakers.
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ZHAO, Licui ; YASUNAGA, Daichi ; IRIE, Koji ; KOJIMA, Haruyuki ; 趙, 立翠 ; 安永, 大地 ; 入江, 浩司 ; 小島, 治幸
概要:
In the present study, we examined the primacy of syntactic over semantic processing in the Japanese language, in which g
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rammatical morphology is as prominent as in most of Indo-European languages, but it also possesses symbolic language, similar to Chinese. Three kinds of collocation were created as stimuli: congruous collocations, collocations with semantic violation, and collocations with syntactic violation. Participants were asked to read the stimuli silently and then they judged whether they had seen them or not. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the regional changes in hemoglobin concentration in the brain of the participants. After analyzing the interplay of cortical activation between syntactic and semantic processing, we found that, during the reading task, when congruous stimuli were presented, activation was observed around the inferior frontal gyms and the middle temporal gyms, while when semantically violated stimuli were presented, activation was observed around the inferior frontal gyms. However, no brain area activation was observed for a syntactic violation condition. These activation patterns suggest that in Japanese, semantic processing is also dependent on the intactness of syntactic information, just as in Indo-European languages. The present study indicates that languages with prominent grammatical morphology exhibit primacy of syntax over semantics, and that near-infrared spectroscopy provides an efficient method of evaluating the primacy of syntactic and semantic processes.<br />本研究は， H本語処理において意味処理よりも統語処理が優先されることを検証した。 日本語はほとんどのインドヨ ーロッパ語族の言語と同じように文法的形態が明確であるとともに， 非インドヨ ーロッパ言語の典型である中国語と同じように表意文字を持っている。 本研究では， 刺激 として，正しいコロケーション， 意味逸脱コロケー ション， 統語逸脱コロケー ションの3種類を用いた。 参加者の課題は， 刺激を黙読し， 後に再認することであった。 課題遂行中の参加者の脳内酸化ヘモグロビン(Oxy-Hb)濃度の変化を近赤外分光法(NIRS) を用いて測定した。 統語処理と意味処理を司る脳内部位の活性化状況の相互関係を分析した結果， 正しいコロケ ー ションが呈示された時には， 左下前頭回と左中側頭回が活性化した。 意味逸脱コロケ ー ションが呈示された時には， 左下前頭回が活性化した。 統語逸脱コロケー ションが呈示された時には， どの脳内部位も活性化しなかった。 これらの結果によって， ほとんどのインドヨ ーロッパ語族の言語と同じように， 日本語においても統語処理が行われてから意味処理がはじめて行われることが示唆された。本研究は文法的形態が明確な言語は統語処理の優位性を持っている可能性を示した。さらに， NIRSが言語処理の脳内機構を検討する有力な道具として使えることを示唆した。
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Oi, Manabu
概要:
大阪大学・金沢大学・浜松医科大学連合小児発達学研究科教授 金沢大学子どものこころの発達研究センター 金沢大学学校教育系<br />The present study compared 12 Japanese children with hi
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gh-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD), ranging in age from 7.3-14.8 years, with 12 typically developing (TD) children matched for age, gender, and vocabulary. The means of full-scale IQ and verbal-IQ of the children with HFASD were 95.92 (SD = 15.30) and 98.00 (SD = 18.44), respectively. Children responded to questions from their mothers in conversations collected under a semi-structured setting, and the responses of both groups were examined from the viewpoint of adequacy. Compared to TD children, HFASD children produced more inadequate responses to Wh-questions than to Yes/No questions. To both types of questions, HFASD children produced more inappropriate responses than TD children. The findings suggest that parents of HFASD children should consider the influence of the question format on these children's response inadequacies. © 2010 Informa UK, Ltd.
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Suzuki, Hiroyuki ; Kido, Teruhiko ; Morikawa, Yuko ; Nakagawa, Hideaki ; Ishizaki, Masao ; Naruse, Yuchi ; Higashiyama, Masako ; Dochi, Mirei ; Suwazono, Yasushi ; Nogawa, Koji
概要:
目的：海外勤務者の精神的健康度と職業関連要因の関係と日本国内勤務者の精神的健康度の違いを明らかにすることである。方法：同一の金属製品製造業に勤務する男性海外勤務者450名と男性日本国内勤務者683名を対象に自記式質問紙調査を行った。精神的健
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康度は日本版気分プロフィール検査を用いて評価した。 結果：日本国内と海外勤務者の精神的健康度の比較では、34－39歳において海外勤務者が日本国内より低く、40代と50代では海外勤務者が日本国内より高かった。 ロジスティック重回帰分析の結果、精神的健康度の不良に関連していたものは、ヨーロッパに対して東アジア（e.g. オッズ比 : 7.548, 95%信頼区間［以下CI］: 2.912－22.293［抑うつ－落込み〔以下D〕］）、東南・南アジア（e.g. オッズ比 : 4.675, 95% CI : 1.679－14.433［D］）、北米（e.g. オッズ比 : 3.997, 95% CI : 1.495－11.895［D］）。管理職に対してエンジニア（e.g. OR : 2.328, 95% CI : 1.168－4.679［緊張－不安〔以下T－A〕］）と生産管理（OR: 5.268, 95% CI : 1.520－18.013［T－A］）。労働時間10－11時間未満に対して12－13時間未満（e.g. OR : 2.063, 95% CI : 1.007－4.283［D］）、13時間以上（e.g. OR : 2.651, 95% CI :1.227－5.814［D］）。休日日数 8 日以上に対して 5 日未満（e.g. OR : 2.285, 95% CI : 1.276－4.129［疲労〔以下F〕］）、5－7日以下（e.g. OR : 2.219, 95% CI: 1.246－4.000［F］）であった。結論：海外勤務者の精神保健対策は、地域別ではアジア圏特に東アジア、職種ではエンジニアや生産管理を中心に取り組んでいく必要がある。また実労働時間が12時間を超える者や休日日数が7日以下の者には、就労時間の制限や休日日数を 8 日以上確保することも対策として考えられた。Objectives : The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the mental-health status of overseas employees and work-related factors, and also to determine the difference between the mental-health status of these employees and their counterparts in Japan. Method : Four hundred and fifty male overseas employees and 683 male employees in Japan were surveyed using a self-assessment questionnaire, namely the Japanese version of the Profile of Mood States, which is used to assess mental-health status. Result: The mental-health status of overseas employees in the age range 34－39 years was worse, and that for those in their forties and fifties better, than those o employees in Japan. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that employees in East Asia Southeast & South Asia and North America were positively associated with poor ental-health status compared with employees in Europe (e.g. odd ratio [OR] : 7.548, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 2.912－22.293, OR : 4.675, 95% CI : 1.679－14.433 and OR: 3.997, 95% CI : 1.495－11.895 in depression/dejection, respectively). Engineers and production controllers were positively associated with poor mental-health status compared with those in managerial posts (e.g. OR : 2.328, 95% CI : 1.168－4.679 and OR : 5.268, 95% CI : 1.520－18.013 in tension/anxiety, respectively). As regards average daily working hours, those employees working for between 12 and less than 13 hours and 13 hours or more were positively associated with poor mentalhealth status compared with those working for between 10 and less than 11 hours (e.g. OR : 2.063, 95% CI : 1.007－4.283 and OR : 2.651, 95% CI : 1.227－5.814 in depression/dejection, respectively). In terms of number of days’ holiday in the last month, those employees who had taken less than five days and between five days and seven days were positively associated with poor mental-health status comparison with those who had taken eight days or more (e.g. OR : 2.285, 95% CI : 1.276－4.129 and OR : 2.219, 95% CI : 1.246－4.000 in fatigue, respectively). Conclusion : Mental-health protection measures in overseas bases need to focus on Asia, especially East Asia and employees who work as engineers or production controllers. Furthermore, average daily working hours should be shortened as much as possible and employees should take at least eight days’ holiday per month.
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Ueyama, Jun ; Kimata, Akiko ; Kamijima, Michihiro ; Hamajima, Nobuyuki ; Ito, Yoshinori ; Suzuki, Koji ; Inoue, Takashi ; Yamamoto, Kanami ; Takagi, Kenji ; Saito, Isao ; Miyamoto, Kenichi ; Hasegawa, Takaaki ; Kondo, Takaaki
概要:
Nagoya University, Department of Medical Technology<br />金沢大学附属病院薬剤部<br />Limited data are available on the background l
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evels of exposure to synthetic pyrethroid (PYR) in Japan, despite their frequent application for agriculture and indoor extermination and possible effects of chronic and/or low-dose PYR exposure on human health. This study was conducted to describe the level and distribution of one of the major PYR metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), in urine samples collected from a general population in Japan. The subjects were 535 individuals (184 men and 351 women; 61.5±9.8 years of age, mean±S.D.) residing in a town in Hokkaido, a dairy and agricultural area. Urinary 3-PBA was found detectable in 98% of samples above the limit of detection of 0.02 μg/l. The geometric mean values of urinary 3-PBA in occupationally exposed farmers (n=87) and the remaining general group without occupational exposure (n=448) were 0.38 and 0.29 μg/l, respectively, ranging from <LOD to 17.09 μg/l. No significant differences in urinary 3-PBA concentrations were shown between these two groups. Moreover, 3-PBA concentrations were found comparable to those reported in some countries. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first report of a biological monitoring study of urinary 3-PBA, which elucidated the background environmental exposure level of PYR in the Japanese general population without occupational exposure. Further nationwide studies covering different seasons and age distribution are needed to monitor the urinary 3-PBA levels in Japan.
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Kitaoka-Higashiguchi, Kazuyo ; Nakagawa, Hideaki
概要:
The overall goal of this study was to examine the relationship between burnout and two parameters: job strains and coping styles. The subjects were 568 nurses from a university hospital in Ishikawa Prefecture of Japan. A packet of
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self-administered questionnaires was distributed to the nurses. Four hundred and forty nurses completed the questionnaires. The Japanese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure burnout. The Japanese MBI is consisted of three factors: Physical Exhaustion, Emotional Exhaustion/Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. We developed the Nursing Job Stressor Scale (NJSS) to assess perceived job strains. The analysis identified seven major sources of strain. The seven subscales were: conflict with other nursing staffs, nursing role conflict, conflict with physicians/autonomy, dealing with death and dying, qualitative work load, quantitative work load, and conflict with patients. The Japanese version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) assessed coping styles. The three coping patterns include: Task-oriented coping, Emotion-oriented coping, and Avoidance-oriented coping. Stepwise multiple regression analysis resulted in significant predictors for Physical Exhaustion being quantitative and qualitative work load strains, the strain variables: quantitative work load, conflict with other nursing staffs, and conflict with patients for Emotional Exhaustion/Depersonalization, qualitative work load strain for diminished Personal Accomplishment, nursing role conflict strain for Personal Accomplishment. Emotion-oriented coping style was a significant predictor for Emotional Exhaustion/Depersonalization and diminished Personal Accomplishment, while both Task-oriented and Avoidance-oriented coping styles were significant predictors for Personal Accomplishment
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守屋, 哲治 ; Moriya, Tetsuharu
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1.日本語と韓国語の否定並存状況の違いに関する研究:韓国語には二種類の文否定の形式が機能分担をしながら並存しているが、この併存状況は類像性の原理で説明できること、そして日本語が文否定を基本的には一つしか持たないこととの対比は意味類型論的な二
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言語の相違から説明できることを明らかにし、2002年7月にノルウェーで開催されたInternational Conference on Korean Linguisticsで発表した。2.関西方言における二種類の否定併存に関する研究:日本語においても関西方言では「へん」と「ん」という二種類の否定形式があり、役割分担をしているが、この併存状況も1で見た韓国語の場合と同じように類像性に基づく原理で説明できることをあきらかにし、Japanese/Korean Linguistics vol.10などに発表した。3.否定と時間関係副詞との分布の相関関係の解明:モダリティ的意味を含む時間関係副詞は、日本語のように肯定文と否定文で交替しない言語と、韓国語や英語のように異なる語が用いられる言語がある。この違いは、各副詞がもともと表していた意味が否定の持つ非現実相と矛盾するか否かという要因、そして各言語が、意味と形式をどのように対応させる傾向があるかという意味類型論的な要因によって決定されることを、日本語・韓国語・英語・ドイツ語の研究によって明らかにし、その成果を第2回日本認知言語学会(平成13年9月)および第16回太平洋アジア言語・情報・計算学会(PACLIC16)で発表した(平成14年2月)。4.否定構文に関する情報収集:上記の研究を行う上で必要となる、否定構文に関するデータ・文献情報などを収集し、分析作業および討議を行った。この作業のために、研究代表者と研究分担者は韓国において資料収集および研究打ち合わせを行った。<br />1. Study on coexistence of two forms of negation in Japanese and Korean: In Korean, two forms of sentence Negation coexist while in Japanese, there is only one form, although it once had another form in Old Japanese. We have made it clear that this difference is rooted in the Semantic Typological difference of the two languages: Korean tends toward less ambiguity and Japanese tends toward polyfunctionality. Because of the difference, the older form of sentence negation is preserved in Korean, with a slight functional difference from the newer one. On the other hand, Japanese older form of negation is completely displaced by the newer form, which plays more varied roles than that of Korean.2. Study on coexistence of two forms of negation in Kansai Dialect of Japanese: Similar to Korean, Kansai dialect of Japanese has two forms of negation. Be have explicated that the difference of the two forms can be explained based on iconic principles as in the case of Korean.3. Study on correlation between negation and time-relationship adverbs: We have explicated that original meanings of time-relationship adverbs, such as already and still affect whether they can be used in negative sentence. Those originated from concrete concepts such as space cannot occur in the scope of negation while those originated from more abstract concepts such as time can. This tendency is true of all the four languages we have investigated: Japanese, Korean, English, and German. We argued that this is because concrete meaning is incompatible with irrealis meaning of negation. This phenomenon exemplifies the case where the process of grammaticalization is constrained by the original meaning of the root morpheme.<br />研究課題/領域番号:13610654, 研究期間(年度):2001-2002<br />出典：「否定現象の文法化に関する研究: 認知言語学および言語類型論の観点から」研究成果報告書 課題番号13610654 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）) 本文データは著者版報告書より作成
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| 16.
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edited by Taro Kageyama and Wesley M. Jacobsen
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