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論文 |
塩士, 圭介 ; 近藤, 隆二郎 ; 高山, 純一
概要:
本研究は、複数の自治体が連携して、衰退の危機にある公共交通サービスを維持及び活性化させる取組を対象に、どのような利害調整を経て政策が決定されたのか、また、どのような要因で取組が順調に進んだのか、その構造を明らかにするものである。結論として、
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a:複数市町間での問題認識の共有化の流れ、b:専門家も交えた施策立案の流れ、c:広域自治体連携と公共交通に関する政治的な流れ、この3つの流れが合流して初めて公共交通政策が決定され実行に移されることを、キングダン(J.W.Kingdon)の「政策の窓」モデルを用いて示した。The objective of the study is to clarify a structure of how interests were adjusted to determine the policies and what kind of factors worked to progress the approaches favorably as well by taking up approaches as objective to maintain and vitalize endangered public transportation services based on inter-municipal cooperation. As the conclusion, we have suggested by using "Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies" model of J. W. Kingdon that public transportation policies are determined and put into practice only when three flows are joined together; i.e. a) a flow of sharing of problem consciousness between multiple municipalities, b) a flow of planning of measures and policies and c) a political flow of broad inter-municipal cooperation and public transportation.
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2.
論文 |
Tazaki, Kazue ; Wakimoto, Rie ; Minami, Yukiya ; Yamamoto, Masayoshi ; Miyata, Koshirou ; Sato, Kazuhiro ; Saji, Ichiro ; Chaerun, S. Khodijah ; Zhou, Guoping ; Morishita, Tomoaki ; Asada, Ryuji ; Segawa, Hiromi ; Imanishi, Hiroki ; Kato, Rie ; Otani, Yusuke ; Watanabe, Tomoko
概要:
Rainwater collected during the period of February-April, 2003 in Kanazawa University and Hakui, Ishikawa Prefecture, Jap
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an, was investigated by ion chromatography of the dissolved ions, and Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive analyzer (SEM-EDX), electron microprobe analyzer (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses of the filtered samples. The pH, Eh, EC, dissolved oxygen (DO) and depleted U (DU) of the rainwater were also measured. The results show a rare case with low pH value of rain and high value of electrical conductivity (EC) in the rainwater during certain period. The NO 3 -, SO 4 2- and NH 4 + concentrations on 26th March, show quite high values after oil field fires on 21st March 2003. The powdery dust and carbon-bearing nm sized particles contained in the rainwater have characteristics different from that of the Asian dust (Kosa). Since 21 March, 2003 the Iraq plunged into the war, the 9 oil field fires were reported on 25 March, 2003 in Rumaylah oil field near the borderline of Kuwait. The first precipitation was caught in Kanazawa on 24 March, 2003. The pH value of the rainwater indicated a strong acid rain (pH 3.6) with black powdery dusts. The acid rain on 27th March to 2nd April (pH 3.4-4.3; 5-17mm) associated with WNW wind (2.7-4.1m/s) has continued to the first 10 days of April in Kanazawa, during the 9 oil fields were burning in Iraq. The EC in rainwater collected from 24 March to 15 April, 2003, shows high concentrations of ions, suggesting high contents of water soluble-carbon particles and soot. In the meantime, it was the highest season of sandstorms at bare dried land in Iraq from the end of March to the beginning of April. Westerly wind blew around 5500m high, and the sandstorm with 2000m wide was transported by strong wind to Zagros 3000m high mountains. The hot wind hit the Zagros Mountains and easily to join and rise to Westerly wind high by a rising air current. The 234U/ 238U activity (around 0.2) in typical depleted uranium (DU) is quite low compared with that (around 1.0) in natural uranium. The contamination of DU from the Iraq conflict may be, if any, negligibly small on undetectable level. On the other hand, the powdery dusts and carbon-bearing particles of rainwater have been produced by combustion of oil field in Iraq and they are directly cycling in our planet by Westerly wind. Black carbon particles are a product of incomplete combustion, and are the principal light-absorbing atmospheric aerosol. The result reminds us of the scientific values of short-term atmospheric environment records during Iraq's War. This has consequences for primary production of powdery dusts coming from Iraq to the atmosphere over half the globe away. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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