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| 1.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 御影, 雅幸 ; 蔡, 少青
概要:
Adiantum属植物は世界に200種余りが知られ, アジア地区には約50種が分布している. そのうち世界的には20数種, アジア地区では約17種がその全草あるいは葉や地下部が薬用に供されるされている. 中国では一般に清熱, 解毒, 利尿薬
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として, 咳, 皮膚病, 去痰, 通経, 赤痢, 蛇毒, 鎮痛, 炎症などに用いられており, またインドをはじめとするアーュルウェーダ医学の系統をもつ国々では, 去痰, 利尿のほかに, 強壮薬や緩和薬, 収斂薬としても使用されている. しかしこれまで, 本属植物を基源とする生薬の基源解明に関する研究は全くなされておらず, また広い地域で多種が利用されているにもかかわらず, その利用情況は不明であった. 市場には通常全草品が出廻るため鑑別は比較的容易であるが, 刻まれたり破損した生薬も多く, 外形による鑑別が困難な場合も多い. 一方, 本属植物の内部形態に関する記載はわずかに見られるが, 系統的な研究はなく, 商品の鑑別には利用し難い. そこで本属植物に山来するアジア地区産生薬の内部形態による鑑別法を確立し, 市場品の基源を明らかにする目的で市場調査を行うとともに, アジア産の本属植物の比較組織学的研究を行った. 秦 (CHING) の分類によると, 中国及びその隣邦に分布する本属植物は7 sericsに分けられる. このうちseries Caudata CHINGに属する植物は葉 (Fig.1-A) が1回羽状複薬で, その先端は通常鞭状に延長し地面に着ぎ, 幼根を生じ無性繁殖を行い, 小薬は平多くが非対称形, 少数のものが団扇形を呈するなどの点で平, 他のseriesとは大きく異なっている. 本seriesの植物はアジア地区に約14種が分布し, その内A. caudatum L., A. philippense L. 及びA.capillus-junonis RUPR. の3種が薬川にされると記されている. 本報ではこの3種を含む中国及びその周辺諸国に分布するseries Caudata植物7種の内部形態を検討し, 入手し得た市場品中本seriesに属するものの基源を明らかにしたので報告する. To identify the botanical origins of crude drugs derived from Adiantum spp. used mainly in China, India etc., the pharmacognostical study on Adiantum plants of Asia was carried out. This paper dealt with the anatomical characters of seven Adiantum species of series Caudata CHING growing in China and neighbouring countries. The results were as follows:(I) These seven species can be distinguished separately in the presence of wing and the shape of the transection of the xylem in stipe, the presence and shape of hair, the position of guard cells relative to the subsidiary cells and the shape of the transection of abaxial and adaxial margins of pinnule, etc.;(II) All these seven species have two characters which differ from the species of other series, namely, the larger tracheids present at the dorsal side of the xylem of stipe and one or two spicular cells (fibres) are observed in the upper epidermis above most veins;(III) On the basis of the abovc results the crude drug Zhu-zong-cao from Sichuan of China was found to be derivcd from Adianmm capillus-junonis, Bian-ye-tie-xian-jue from Taiwan derived from A. caudatum, Tie-xian-jue from Taiwan and Persia Oshan from Dacca of Bangladesh derived from A. philippense.
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| 2.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 小松, かつ子 ; 小野, 淳子 ; 鳴橋, 直弘 ; 御影, 雅幸
概要:
"Fu-pen-zi" (覆盆子) is the fruit drug, used in Chinese traditional medicine as the remedies for impotence, pollution and p
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remature ejaculation, bet-wetting, frequency of urination, etc. "Fu-pen-zi" from China Continent is considered to be derived from immature fruits of Rubus chingii Hu in general, while in local from other Rubus fruits. On the other hand, the botanical origin of "Fu-pen-zi" produced in Korea is regarded as R. coreanus MIQ., R. crataegifolius BUNGE, R. parvifolius L., etc. Rubus fruits are so similar in outer view that the botanical origins of "Fu-pen-zi" seem to be in confusion on present markets. Then, to identify the botanical origins of "Fu-pen-zi" in recent markets and discuss historical correct botanical one, a series of pharmacognostical studies on Rubus plants will be present in turn. The present paper describes anatomical fundamental characteristics of Rubus fruits, including calyxes and peduncles. Moreover one botanical origin of "Fu-pen-zi" from Korea was identified. The results showed that some of "Fu-pen-zi" from Korea were derived from the fruits of R. coreanus.
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| 3.
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御影, 雅幸 ; 小松, かつ子 ; 難波, 恒雄
概要:
「営実」は『神農本草経』2)の上品に「味酸温主癰疽悪瘡結肉跌筋敗瘡熱気陰蝕不疹利関節一名墻薇…」と初めて収載され, 中国で古くから主として瘡毒の解毒や利水薬として用いられてきた. 一方, わが国では古くから「営実」は瀉下薬として利用されてお
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り, 現在でも家庭薬原料として重要な薬物であり, 局方収載品でもある. 「営実」の基源については『中薬大辞典』3)にバラ科のRosa multiflora THUNB. ノイバラの果実であると記され, わが国の薬局方には「R.multifloraまたはその近縁植物の偽果または果実である」4)と規定されている. 藤田5)は日本産の「営実」が組織学的におもにR.multifloraの果実であることを証明しているが, 今回日本市場を調査したところ現市場には日本産はほとんど見られず, 朝鮮半島や中国産の商品が大半を占めていた. 朝鮮半島の「営実」についてはR.multifloraが報告されているが, 他に.R.maximowicziana REGELツルノイバラも使用することが記されている6). Large sized “Ying shi,” which are collected from the Chinese mainland and North Korea, have recently become available in the markets of Japan and Hongkong. In order to identify their botanical origin, several fruits of the genus Rosa were examined histologically. The studied plants are Rosa maximowicziana REGEL, R. hirtula NAKAI, R. rugosa THUNB., R. davurica PALLAS, R. nipponensis CREPIN, R. suavis WILLD. and R. multiflora THUNB. A new technique was used in this study, comprising the carbonization treatment of whole fruit followed by examination with a scanning electron microscope. From the comparative studies of the secondary electron microscopic images and the measurement of isolated tissues, the large sized “Ying shi” was identified as the fruit of R. davurica. This method is useful for the study of the internal structures of crude drugs having a hard coat and microstructures, such as drugs of seed origin.
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| 4.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 小松, かつ子 ; 劉, 玉萍 ; 御影, 雅幸
概要:
"Ra-mNye"(発音はRa-Nye)は重要なチベット薬物である. 17世紀に著わされたチベット医学の本草書"Shel-Gong Shel-Phreng"(漢訳本『晶珠本草』2))によれば, 滋補薬の上品で, 老化防止や延命の作用があり,
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瘡癰, 食欲不振などに応用され, また安胎薬でもある. 『西蔵常用中草薬』3a)では脾胃を補い, 肺を潤し, 津液を生じさせる薬物とされ, 虚労や筋肉無力をはじめとする諸々の虚症状に用いると記載されている. "Ra-mNye"の基源については『晶珠本草』の「五根4)の中でも優れたものである」という記載から根類生薬であることがわかる. また19世紀初めに著わされた'Jam-dpal Rdo-rjeの薬物書5)の付図(Fig. 1)から, 原植物はユリ科のPolygonatum 属植物であると考えられる. 『晶珠本草』の編者による解説では, P. cirrhiifolium, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum, P. sibiricumなどがあてられ, また『青蔵高原薬物図鑑』7)ではP. verticillatum, Meyer6)は上記の種以外にP. cathcartiiおよびP. officinaleをあてている. “Ra-mNye” is one of the valuable crude drugs in traditional Tibetan medicine. It is used for the treatment of emaciation, senility, poor appetite, lung trouble, etc. and is said to be derived from the rhizomes of some Polygonatum plants of the family Liliaceae. According to our survey, in the markets of Nepal, “Ra-mNye,” and two other crude drugs called “Ra-Mo-Shag” and “Lug-Mo-Shag,” all derived from Polygonatum species, were available. In this paper, “Ra-mNye” and the two related drugs were anatomically studied to identify their botanical origins, by comparing them with the rhizomes of P. verticillatum, P. cirrhifolium, P. curvistylum, P. singalilense, P. oppositifolium, P. punctatum and P. hookeri, growing wild in the Himalaya regions. The result showed that the botanical origin of “Ra-mNye” and the two drugs was P. verticillatum.
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| 5.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 御影, 雅幸 ; 蔡, 少青 ; 楼, 之岑
概要:
The botanical origin of Ginseng Folium (人参葉,Ren-shen-ye), a Chinese crude drug used for diseases of the viscera, is exam
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ined. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaf and stem of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER cultivated in China for 1 to 5 or 6 years are described. It is found that the vessels increase in number and diameter, and also the vascular bundles increase in number, as the plant becomes old. The result shows that the commercial "Ren-shen-ye" samples on the markets of Beijing, Kunming, Guilin, Chong-ging, Changsha and Hongkong have been derived from the leaf and stem of 3- to 5- or 6-year-old P. ginseng plants, most of them being 5- or 6-year-old. The commercial "Ren-shen-ye" derived from other Panax species will be reported in the next paper.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 朴, 鍾喜 ; 御影, 雅幸
概要:
The Chinese crude drug "Qin-jiao (秦艽)," in Chinese, has been used to cure headache, rheumatis, dysuria, fever, etc. In K
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orea, the same crude drug is called "Jin Beom" or "Mang Sa Cho," and has been used as a Korean folk medicine having the same effects as those in China. The botanical origin of the "Qin-jiao" in the present markets is rather complicated. "Qin-jiao" from China is regarded as the underground portion of Gentiana macrophylla PALL. of Gentianaceae. Higashi reported that the botanical origin of the drug from Manchuria (満州) was Aconitum albo-violaceum KOM. var. purpurascens NAKAI of Ranunculaceae, and Konoshima reported that from Inner Mongolia (内蒙古) was Gentiana decumbens L. Besides the plant origin of "Qin-jiao" from Korea has been considered to be Aconitum species. To clarify the botanical origin of "Qin-jiao" from Korea, comparative anatomical studies were made on the underground portion of three Aconitum species growing in Korea. To the result of this study, it was clarified that "Qin-jiao" from Korea was the underground part of Aconitum loczyanum R. RAYMUND and A. longecassidatum NAKAI.
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| 7.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 小松, かつ子 ; 御影, 雅幸
概要:
Though "Fu-pen-zi" from Korea has been considered to be derived from the fruits of Rubus coreanus MIQ. in general, we had already clarified that it was only used locally. In order to identify the botanical origin of Korean "Fu-pen-zi"
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available mainly in the recent markets of urban areas such as Seoul, Pusan, Daegu, Daejeon, etc., R. crataegifolius BUNGE and R. takeshimensis NAKAI of Section Microphylii were studied comparative anatomically. Our results showed that this "Fu-pen-zi" corresponded to the fruits with calyxes and often pedicels of R. crataegifolius growing in the Korean Peninsula. Its developmental degree was unripening (stage B) or ripening stage (stage C).
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| 8.
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難波, 恒雄 ; 御影, 雅幸 ; 蔡, 少青 ; 楼, 之岑 ; 田中, 治
概要:
In the previous paper, studies of the "Ren-shen-ye" (Ginseng Folium) derived from Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER were reported. This paper describes anatomical studies of five varieties of Panax pseudo-ginseng WALL., namely, var. japonicus
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HOO et TSENG, var. angustifolius LI, var. elegantior Hoo et TSENG, var. bipinnatifidus LI and var. notoginseng HOO et TSENG, and the commercial "Ren-shen-ye" derived from some of these varieties. The results show that i) these five varieties can be distinguished from one another by the differences in the number and diameter of the vessels in the petioles, the relative thickness of the upper projection of the petiolules, the presence of palisade tissue, and they can also be differentiated from P. ginseng in the relative thickness of the upper and lower projections of the midrib; ii) P. pseudo-ginseng var. japonicus obtained from China, Japan and Nepal can be distinguished from one another by the presence of fibrous bundle sheath in the petiolule, or by its shape; iii) the commercial "Ren-shen-ye" produced in Shaanxi is derived from the leaf and stem of P. pseudoginseng var. japonicus (P. pseudo-ginseng var. major LI), while the "Ren-shen-ye" from Shanghai market is from the leaf and stem of P. pseudo-ginseng var. elegantior. Anatomical characters, useful for the identification of Panax species in China, Japan and Nepal are provided.
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